Special Senses: Vision and Eye Structures

Muscles that control eye movement within the orbit.

An extraocular muscle that elevates the eye.

Muscle responsible for raising the upper eyelid.

The nerve that controls several eye muscles, including the superior rectus.

Protective coverings that protect the eye.

The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the sclera. It helps protect the eye from foreign objects and lubricates the eye surface.

The lacrimal gland, located in the upper outer portion of the orbit, produces tears, which are a watery fluid containing mucus, oil, and enzymes. Tears serve to lubricate and clean the eye surface, as well as protect it from infection.

Six extraocular muscles, controlled by cranial nerves, move the eye in various directions. These movements are coordinated to allow for precise vision.

The autonomic nervous system controls the muscles that regulate pupil size and lens shape. This system helps adjust for varying levels of light and focus.

The intraocular fluid (aqueous humor) fills the space between the cornea and lens. It is formed in the ciliary body and flows through a system of channels to drain into the bloodstream.

Movable folds that protect the eye from injury, excessive light, and spread lacrimal fluid.

The space between the upper and lower eyelids when the eye is open.

Transparent mucous membrane that covers the inside of the eyelid and the sclera (white part of the eye).

Lubricates the eye with mucus, supplies blood to the sclera, and helps identify foreign objects.

Pockets created where the conjunctiva folds onto the eye, forming a space for contact lenses.

Produces lacrimal fluid (tears) to cleanse and lubricate the eye.

The gland that produces tears.

Tears flow from the lacrimal gland, through excretory ducts, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, and finally into the nasal cavity.

Musculos que controla le movimento del oculo in le orbita.

Le musculos extraocular se contrahe pro mover le oculo in directiones specific.

Un musculo extraocular que eleva le oculo.

Un musculo extraocular que depresse le oculo.

Un musculo extraocular que adduce le oculo (move le oculo verso le naso).

Un musculo extraocular que abduce le oculo (move le oculo verso le auricula).

Un musculo extraocular que intorte le oculo (rota le oculo internemente) e depresse le oculo.

Un musculo extraocular que extorte le oculo (rota le oculo externemente) e eleva le oculo.

Le nervo cranial que controla le musculos recto superior, recto inferior, recto medial, recto inferior, e le musculo levator palpebrae superioris.

Le nervo cranial que controla le musculo oblique superior.

Le nervo cranial que controla le musculo recto lateral.

Le action del musculo levator palpebrae superioris, que leva le palpebra superior.

Pro testar le function del musculos extraocular, le medico va testar le movimento del oculo.

Un serie de testes que evalua le function del musculos extraocular.

Le medico va testar individualmente le musculos extraocular pro identificar problemas specific.

Le paciente es instruite a mirar directemente avanti e postea a mirar verso le naso.

Le paciente es instruite a mirar directemente avanti e postea a mirar verso le auricula.

Le paciente es instruite a mirar directemente avanti e postea a mirar verso le techo.

Le paciente es instruite a mirar directemente avanti e postea a mirar verso le pavimento.

Le paciente es instruite a mirar directemente avanti e postea a mirar verso le naso e un pauc verso le techo.

Le paciente es instruite a mirar directemente avanti e postea a mirar verso le auricula e un pauc verso le techo.

Problemas con le function del musculos extraocular pote resultar in strabismo (oculos que non se alinia), diplopia (vision duplicate), e difficultates a seguir objectos in movimento.

Un condition in que le oculos non se alinia.

Vision duplicate.

Le traumatisma pote provocar danos al musculos extraocular, resultante in problemas de movimento.

Un condition autoinmune que pote afectar le musculos extraocular, resultante in exophtalmos (protuberantia del oculos).

Le danos al nervos cranial que controla le musculos extraocular pote resultar in paralisia del musculo.

A visual field defect where both temporal fields of vision are lost. The patient cannot see anything on the outermost right and left side of their visual field.

A visual field defect where the same half of the visual field is lost in both eyes. If the right optic tract is damaged, the left visual field is lost in both eyes.

A visual field defect where the superior quadrant of the visual field is lost in both eyes.

A visual field defect where central vision is preserved, but peripheral vision is lost. This is often seen in cases of stroke affecting the optic radiations.

The point where the optic nerves from each eye cross. Fibers carrying information from the nasal half of each retina cross over in.

The nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the brain.

The pathway in the brain that carries visual information from the optic chiasm to the thalamus.

The nerve fibers that carry visual information from the thalamus to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

The optic chiasm is where the optic nerves from each eye cross over. This means that information from the nasal (inner) half of each retina crosses to the opposite side of the brain, while information from the temporal (outer) half stays on the same side.

The LGN is a relay station in the thalamus that receives visual information from the optic tract. It filters and processes this information before sending it to the visual cortex.

The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe and is responsible for interpreting and processing visual information. It allows us to perceive depth, color, and movement.

Damage to any part of the visual pathway can lead to vision loss in specific areas of the visual field.

If the optic nerve is damaged, it can cause complete blindness in the eye on the same side of the damage.

Damage to the optic chiasm can lead to bitemporal hemianopsia, meaning loss of vision in the outer (temporal) halves of both visual fields.

Damage to the optic tract can lead to contralateral homonymous hemianopsia, meaning loss of vision in the same half of the visual field on the opposite side of the brain.

An extraocular muscle that elevates the eye, moving it upwards.

An extraocular muscle that depresses the eye, moving it downwards.

An extraocular muscle that abducts the eye, moving it outwards away from the nose.

An extraocular muscle that adducts the eye, moving it inwards towards the nose.

An extraocular muscle that elevates and extorts (rotates outwards) the eye.

An extraocular muscle that adducts the eye, moving it towards the nose.

An extraocular muscle that abducts the eye, moving it away from the nose.

The trochlear nerve (CN IV) controls the superior oblique muscle, which intorts (internally rotates) and depresses the eye.

The lateral rectus muscle abducts the eye, moving it outwards away from the nose.

The medial rectus muscle adducts the eye, moving it inwards towards the nose.

The abducens nerve (CN VI) innervates the lateral rectus muscle, which abducts (moves outwards) the eye.

The superior rectus muscle elevates the eye, moving it upwards.

The inferior oblique muscle elevates and extorts (rotates outwards) the eye.

The inferior rectus muscle depresses the eye, moving it downwards.

An extraocular muscle that elevates and extorts (rotates outwards) the eye. It helps you look up and towards your ear.