Special Senses: Hearing & Balance
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cochlear branch of cranial nerve number eight?

  • Maintaining equilibrium
  • Controlling eye movement
  • Transmitting sound signals (correct)
  • Regulating balance

    • Which structure is primarily associated with static balance?

  • Semicircular canals
  • Vestibule (correct)
  • Oval window
  • Cochlea

    • What distinguishes the semicircular canals in terms of balance?

  • They facilitate static balance.
  • They function as the exit point for sound waves.
  • They are responsible for hearing.
  • They are oriented in three different planes. (correct)

    • What are the two main branches of cranial nerve number eight?

    <p>Cochlear and vestibular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the auditory ossicles?

    <p>To amplify sound waves before they enter the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the round window in the inner ear?

    <p>It allows pressure relief within the cochlea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you yawn in relation to the auditory tube?

    <p>It opens the auditory tube to equalize air pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the inner ear is specifically involved in hearing?

    <p>Cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the movement of the stapes affect sound transmission?

    <p>It creates vibrations in the fluid-filled cochlea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can interfere with the proper functioning of the auditory ossicles?

    <p>Fluid build-up in the middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the bony labyrinth in the structure of the inner ear?

    <p>To divide the ear into different sections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes endolymph?

    <p>A fluid high in potassium and low in sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes perilymph from endolymph?

    <p>Perilymph has a high concentration of sodium, while endolymph has a high concentration of potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of having different ion concentrations in the fluids of the inner ear?

    <p>To enable the generation of action potentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the membranous labyrinth is specifically related to dynamic or kinetic balance?

    <p>Semicircular canals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the arrangement of the stereocilia in hair cells?

    <p>They progressively get taller from one side to the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the basilar membrane play in the process of hearing?

    <p>It vibrates and moves the spiral organ relative to the stereocilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fluid is found in the cochlear duct?

    <p>Endolymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tectorial membrane in relation to stereocilia?

    <p>It embeds the tips of the stereocilia to facilitate their movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in transmitting sound waves in the cochlea?

    <p>The oval window</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Special Senses: Hearing & Balance

    • Transcripts are auto-generated lecture captions, not edited
    • The lecture covers hearing and balance
    • Starts by looking at the anatomy of the external, middle, and inner ear
    • Explores how sound waves are converted to electrical signals for the brain
    • Examines inner ear structures related to balance, head position, and acceleration/deceleration
    • Discusses motion sickness

    Slide 1: Cochlea

    • The cochlea structure is highlighted in the picture
    • It's located within the temporal bone
    • The image shows the cochlea's membranous structure within the temporal bone

    Slide 2: Sound

    • Sound is a vibration in air, causing compressed and less compressed air bands (sound waves)
    • Sound waves are depicted in the images
    • Sound volume depends on wave amplitude
    • Sound pitch depends on the frequency of the waves

    Slide 3: External Ear

    • The auricle (pinna) collects sound waves from the environment
    • The external auditory canal directs these waves toward the middle ear
    • Ear wax (cerumen) protects the middle and inner ear from dust, water, and insects
    • The tympanic membrane (eardrum) is the boundary between the external and middle ear

    Slide 3: Middle Ear

    • An air-filled cavity containing three tiny bones (auditory ossicles): malleus, incus, and stapes
    • The malleus is connected to the tympanic membrane
    • The incus transfers vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
    • The stapes vibrates the oval window, triggering fluid waves in the inner ear (cochlea)
    • The eustachian tube equalizes pressure between the middle ear and the external environment

    Slide 3: Inner Ear

    • Includes the cochlea (fluid-filled) and structures for balance (vestibule and semicircular canals)
    • Vibrations from the stapes cause fluid waves in the cochlea
    • The cochlea contains the spiral organ (organ of Corti) with sensory hair cells for hearing

    Slide 4: Inner Ear Anatomy

    • Inner Ear's structure includes the oval window and round window as entry/exit points for cochlear waves
    • The vestibule and semicircular canals are for balance (static and dynamic)

    Slide 5

    • The bony labyrinth is the outer part of the inner ear
    • The membranous labyrinth is inside the bony, containing fluid (endolymph and perilymph)
    • The membranous labyrinth will divide the bony labyrinth into three chambers
    • Special receptor cells detect sound and balance

    Slide 6 & 7: Cochlea Details

    • The cochlea has three chambers (scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani) filled with fluids (endolymph, perilymph)
    • The basilar membrane inside the cochlea holds the specialized receptor cells (hair cells) of the spiral organ
    • Hair cells/Stereocilia and tip links are involved in sound detection
    • Potassium ions enter the cells if waves vibrate the basilar membrane

    Slide 8

    • Microvilli (stereocilia) on hair cells are arranged in rows (outer, inner)
    • Tip links connect stereocilia to ion channels
    • Movement of stereocilia opens ion channels for potassium entry

    Slide 9

    • Tip links are also known as "gating springs" as they move stereocilia
    • Sound waves move basilar membranes which move hair cells
    • Potassium enters hair cells creating depolarization
    • This triggers signals to the central nervous system

    Slide 10: Hearing Process

    • Sound waves enter the external auditory canal
    • Vibrate tympanic membrane
    • Move ossicles
    • Vibrate oval window
    • Fluid waves in cochlea
    • Vibrate basilar membrane (mechanoreceptors)

    Slide 11-12: Pitch and Volume

    • High-pitch sounds stimulate hair cells near the oval window
    • Low-pitch sounds stimulate hair cells at the helicotrema
    • Louder sounds stimulate more hair cells
    • Location and number of activated hair cells determine pitch and volume

    Slide 13: Vestibular System

    • Vestibular system consists of the vestibule and semicircular canals
    • Involved in static (head position) and dynamic (head movement) balance

    Slide 14: Balance Process

    • Otoliths (crystals) in the otolithic membrane are pulled by gravity
    • Movement of the membrane changes hair cell stimulation
    • Signals sent to vestibular nuclei

    Slide 15: Dynamic Equilibrium

    • Semicircular canals' fluid moves when the head moves
    • Cupula inside fluid deflects hair cells
    • Stimulates sensory receptors to signal movement to the brain

    Slide 16: Brain's Processing

    • Vestibular nuclei process vestibular signals
    • Signal sent to cerebellum regulates balance
    • Cerebellum coordinates movement and posture
    • Signals can be routed to the eye muscles for movement correction

    Slide 17: Crista and Cupula

    • Crista ampullaris found in semicircular canals, hair cells and cupula inside
    • Movement in the semicircular canals stimulates hair cells, moves cupula
    • Movement is detected and sent to the central nervous system
    • The brain interprets this movement to know when we are accelerating
    • When the head is in a still position, the fluids are not moving and the cupula is upright

    Slide 18 & 19: Brain Integration

    • Vestibular nuclei process information about head movement
    • Information sent to the cerebellum for coordination and posture
    • The cerebellum ensures appropriate actions in response to vestibular signals
    • The brain integrates vestibular signals with other sensory cues; this leads to motion sickness when sensory information is contradictory

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    Lecture 22 - Special Senses - Hearing & Balance PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the intricacies of hearing and balance, focusing on the anatomy of the ear, sound wave conversion, and inner ear structures. Questions will explore how the cochlea functions, the properties of sound, and the effects of motion sickness. Test your knowledge of these essential sensory systems.

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