Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most common cause of otitis media?
What is the most common cause of otitis media?
Which risk factor is associated with a higher occurrence of otitis media in children?
Which risk factor is associated with a higher occurrence of otitis media in children?
What type of otitis media presents with symptoms and signs of an acute ear infection?
What type of otitis media presents with symptoms and signs of an acute ear infection?
How does the anatomy of the Eustachian tube in infants contribute to otitis media?
How does the anatomy of the Eustachian tube in infants contribute to otitis media?
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Which of the following is NOT a common route of infection for otitis media?
Which of the following is NOT a common route of infection for otitis media?
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What characterizes otitis media with effusion (OME)?
What characterizes otitis media with effusion (OME)?
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Which season is associated with a higher incidence of upper respiratory infections that can lead to acute otitis media?
Which season is associated with a higher incidence of upper respiratory infections that can lead to acute otitis media?
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Which factor is considered a protective measure against otitis media?
Which factor is considered a protective measure against otitis media?
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What is the primary characteristic of otitis media with effusion?
What is the primary characteristic of otitis media with effusion?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with glue ear?
Which of the following conditions is associated with glue ear?
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What is a common cause of chronic suppurative otitis media?
What is a common cause of chronic suppurative otitis media?
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What are some clinical signs associated with acute otitis media?
What are some clinical signs associated with acute otitis media?
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Which type of otitis externa is typically seen in swimmers?
Which type of otitis externa is typically seen in swimmers?
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What distinguishes malignant (necrotizing) otitis externa from other types?
What distinguishes malignant (necrotizing) otitis externa from other types?
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Which otitis media condition involves recurrent ear discharges through a tympanic perforation?
Which otitis media condition involves recurrent ear discharges through a tympanic perforation?
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What is the role of the Eustachian tube in relation to otitis media?
What is the role of the Eustachian tube in relation to otitis media?
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What is the most common cause of bacterial infectious keratitis?
What is the most common cause of bacterial infectious keratitis?
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Which condition is characterized by the inflammation of the cornea?
Which condition is characterized by the inflammation of the cornea?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with both keratitis and conjunctivitis?
Which symptom is commonly associated with both keratitis and conjunctivitis?
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What typically causes a stye?
What typically causes a stye?
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What is a common cause of non-infectious keratitis?
What is a common cause of non-infectious keratitis?
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Which type of keratitis is primarily associated with herpes simplex virus?
Which type of keratitis is primarily associated with herpes simplex virus?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of conjunctivitis?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of conjunctivitis?
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What condition is described as a less painful swelling caused by an oil gland blockage?
What condition is described as a less painful swelling caused by an oil gland blockage?
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Study Notes
Special Sense Infections
- Presented by Dr. Dina Abdallah Elnady
- Pathology team
Learning Objectives
- Understand different types of otitis
- Identify otitis media types
- Clarify pathological aspects of keratitis and conjunctivitis
- Differentiate between Blepharitis, chalazion, and stye
Otitis
- Otitis media
- Otitis externa
- Otitis interna
Otitis Media
- Definition: Inflammation of the middle ear (most common type)
- Causes:
- S. pneumoniae: 30-35%
- H. influenzae
- M. catarrhalis
- Others (e.g., group A strep, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, Rhinovirus, Parainfluenza virus, Influenza virus)
Routes of Otitis Media Infection
- Eustachian tube: Most common route
- External ear: Traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane
- Direct spread: From mastoiditis
- Blood-borne: Uncommon
Risk Factors of Otitis Media
-
Age:
- First peak in children aged 6-24 months
- Second peak in children aged 4-5 years
- Shorter, wider, and more horizontal Eustachian tubes in infants and young children
- Sex: More common in males
- Anatomical abnormalities: Cleft palate, cleft lip, narrow Eustachian tubes
- Breastfeeding: Breastfeeding for at least six months may offer protection; breast and bottle feeding in the supine position increases the risk
- Seasons: Upper respiratory tract infections are more common in autumn and winter, leading to acute otitis media
- Overcrowded homes/siblings: Due to close contact
- Passive smoking exposure
- Air pollutants
Types of Otitis Media
- Acute otitis media (AOM): Acute inflammation and effusion of the middle ear, common in younger children
- Otitis media with effusion (OME): Middle ear effusion, no symptoms of acute infection
- Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM): Chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity, with otorrhea (discharge) through perforated tympanic membrane
Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
- Mostly caused by bacterial infection (rarely viral)
- Presents with severe earache and fever
- Erythema (redness), bulging tympanic membrane, and loss of light reflex
Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)
- Fluid in the middle ear (no active infection signs)
- Pressure on the tympanic membrane disrupts proper vibration, leading to decreased hearing
- Fluid can become thick, glue-like (glue ear) over weeks or months
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM)
- Chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity
- Recurrent ear discharge (otorrhea) through a perforated tympanic membrane
- Spontaneous tympanic membrane perforation from acute otitis media (AOM)
- Sequel to less severe forms of otitis media (e.g., secretory otitis media (OM)
Keratitis
- Definition: Inflammation of the cornea
-
Infectious Keratitis:
- Bacterial: Common in contact lens wearers due to contaminated eye drops/lens solutions
- Viral: Triggered by stress, impaired immune system, herpes simplex virus
- Parasitic (Acanthamoeba): Poor contact lens hygiene, exposure to water (e.g., swimming)
- Fungal:
-
Non-infectious Keratitis:
- Injury:
- Exposure to intense ultraviolet (UV) light (photokeratitis):
- Dry eye syndrome:
- Eyelid disorders: Preventing proper eyelid function
Symptoms of Keratitis
- Eye pain
- Eye redness
- Excess tears or discharge
- Difficulty opening eyes due to pain/irritation
- Decreased vision
- Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
- Definition: Inflammation or infection of the transparent membrane lining the eyelids and eyeballs
-
Causes:
- Viral (Adenovirus, Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster)
- Bacterial
- Allergic reaction
-
Symptoms:
- Redness
- Crust formation during the night (impeding eye opening)
- Gritty feeling
- Itchiness
- Tearing
- Photophobia
Blepharitis
- Definition: Inflammation of the eyelids
-
Causes:
- Acne rosacea
- Allergies
- Dandruff
- Dry eyes
- Eyelash lice or mites
- Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD)
Sties and Chalazia
- Stye (Hordeolum): Painful infected lesion on the eyelid's edge (eyelash follicles), may drain
- Chalazion: Less painful, small swelling on the eyelid's inside (conjunctival side), caused by a blocked oil gland
Otitis Interna
- Definition: Inflammation located in the inner ear, commonly known as labyrinthitis affect hearing & balance,
- Stages:
- Serous
- Purulent
- Fibrous
- Osseous
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Description
Test your understanding of otitis types, including otitis media, and the pathological aspects of keratitis and conjunctivitis. Differentiate between conditions like Blepharitis, chalazion, and stye through this informative quiz.
