Ear and Sinus Infections

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Questions and Answers

What is a common cause of acute otitis media?

  • Allergies to environmental factors
  • Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract (correct)
  • Excessive earwax buildup
  • Direct exposure to loud noises

What role does the buildup of fluid in the middle ear play in otitis media?

  • It prevents the eustachian tubes from functioning properly.
  • It reduces inflammation.
  • It enhances auditory function.
  • It promotes the growth of bacteria. (correct)

Which of the following conditions can lead to inflammation of the eustachian tubes?

  • Viral infections like pharyngitis (correct)
  • Exposure to allergens
  • Tympanic membrane perforation
  • Chronic sinusitis

Which statement is true regarding acute otitis media?

<p>It can arise from viral infections leading to fluid buildup. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might result if the eustachian tubes remain inflamed?

<p>Increased risk of ear infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract can lead to acute otitis media.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The buildup of fluid in the middle ear does not contribute to bacterial growth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute otitis media is solely caused by bacterial infections.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eustachian tube inflammation can occur due to pharyngitis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation of the eustachian tubes can prevent normal fluid drainage from the middle ear.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary symptom of epiglottitis in children?

<p>Difficulty and painful swallowing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the introduction of the Hib vaccine affected the incidence of epiglottitis?

<p>It has decreased the incidence significantly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is commonly associated with acute ear infections in young children?

<p>Moraxella catarrhalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by inflammation of the four pairs of sinuses in the skull?

<p>Sinusitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of bacterial sinusitis?

<p>Viral upper respiratory infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is at higher risk of more serious infections caused by Moraxella catarrhalis?

<p>Young children and those with weakened immune systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is associated with airway obstruction in epiglottitis?

<p>Wheezing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes bacterial sinusitis?

<p>Not a communicable disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary shape of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

<p>Lancet-shaped (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some infectious agents that can cause sinusitis?

<p>A variety of viruses or bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is least likely to be a carrier of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

<p>Infants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with children suffering from epiglottitis?

<p>Coughing blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as Streptococcus pneumoniae multiplies in the middle ear?

<p>It triggers an increased inflammatory response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haemophilus influenzae type B is particularly known for causing which condition?

<p>Epiglottitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'endogenous' refer to in the context of Streptococcus pneumoniae?

<p>The presence of bacteria as part of normal flora (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with acute otitis media in children?

<p>Haemophilus influenzae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom experienced due to pressure in the middle ear during an infection?

<p>Loss of hearing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae categorized as?

<p>Gram positive diplococcus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the body does Streptococcus pneumoniae primarily reside as part of normal flora?

<p>Respiratory tract (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bacterium is less commonly associated with ear infections compared to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae?

<p>Clostridium difficile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram negative bacillus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carrier status for Streptococcus pneumoniae is uncommon in healthy individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Haemophilus influenzae type B is especially known for causing ear infections in adults.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation of the epiglottis can interfere with breathing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Streptococcus pneumoniae multiplies rapidly when encountering mucus and fluid in the middle ear.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endogenous infections occur when bacteria from external sources invade the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pus production in the middle ear is a result of the body's inflammatory response to an infection.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of acute otitis media.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most cases of otitis media are caused by a single type of bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The eustachian tube can allow endogenous pneumococcus to access the middle ear.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Children with epiglottitis often avoid swallowing due to severe pain and drooling.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram positive cocci that primarily causes skin infections.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The incidence of epiglottitis has increased since the introduction of the Hib vaccine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sinusitis can only be caused by bacterial infections.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterial sinusitis is considered a communicable disease.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hoarseness of voice is a symptom of epiglottitis in children.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sinusitis is only referred to when two pairs of sinuses are inflamed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wheezing is a symptom of airway obstruction due to epiglottitis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with weakened immune systems are at lower risk for infections from Moraxella catarrhalis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epiglottitis can lead to a surgical emergency if inflammation is sufficiently severe.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of untreated otitis media?

<p>Permanent hearing impairment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are children more susceptible to otitis media compared to adults?

<p>Their immune systems are still developing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common sign of otitis media?

<p>Severe headache (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature in children contributes to the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear?

<p>Larger adenoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an irritability sign indicative of otitis media in children?

<p>Unusual irritability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How may enlarged adenoids exacerbate otitis media?

<p>They can become inflamed and block the eustachian tube. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom commonly associated with otitis media may lead to a child's trouble hearing?

<p>Fluid draining from the ear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does breastfeeding play in the frequency of otitis media episodes in children?

<p>Breastfeeding can enhance a child's immune defense. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is typically associated with the ear pain experienced in otitis media?

<p>Severe irritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that otitis media can lead to temporary hearing loss?

<p>The middle ear bones move improperly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Otitis Media

An ear infection caused by bacterial multiplication in fluid buildup in the middle ear.

Eustachian tubes

Channels connecting the middle ear to the back of the throat.

Viral infection

An infection caused by a virus.

Acute otitis media

A specific type of ear infection resulting from bacterial growth in fluid.

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Fluid buildup

Accumulation of fluid in the middle ear.

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Ear Infection Cause

Viral infections in the upper respiratory system can lead to fluid buildup and ear infections.

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Fluid Buildup in Ear

Inflammation of the eustachian tubes traps fluids in the middle ear.

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Otitis Media Cause

Bacterial growth in fluid leads to ear infections.

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Acute Otitis Media

Bacterial ear infection from fluid buildup.

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Eustachian Tube Role

Connects the middle ear to the throat allowing fluid to drain but can become inflamed leading to problems.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

Common cause of acute otitis media, a gram-positive diplococcus found in the respiratory tract.

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Acute otitis media

Ear infection caused by bacteria multiplying in fluid buildup in the middle ear.

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Endogenous infection

Infection originating from within the body, often from normal flora.

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Carrier status

Harboring an infectious agent without symptoms, a potential source of infection.

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Haemophilus influenzae

Second most common cause of otitis media; gram-negative bacillus.

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Epiglottitis

Inflammation of the epiglottis, a throat flap, often caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B.

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Eustachian tube

Channel connecting middle ear to throat, facilitating fluid drainage.

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Gram-positive diplococcus

A spherical bacterium that pairs up; occurs in clusters or chains.

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Gram-negative bacillus

A rod-shaped bacterium with a thin cell wall.

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Normal flora

Microorganisms normally present in the body without causing harm; part of endogenous infection.

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Epiglottitis in Children

Inflammation of the epiglottis, often causing difficulty swallowing, drooling, fever, hoarseness, and wheezing.

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Epiglottitis Cause

Severe inflammation can lead to emergency intervention.

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Hib Vaccine Impact

Reduced the rate of epiglottitis.

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Moraxella catarrhalis

Gram-negative bacteria causing ear infections, bronchitis and pneumonia in vulnerable individuals.

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Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses.

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Sinus Infection Cause

Can be caused by viruses or bacteria.

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Sinusitis vs. Otitis Media

Bacteria that cause ear infections, can also cause sinus infections. Viral URI's can cause both

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Bacterial Sinusitis Transmission

Not contagious, often develops after a viral infection.

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Sinus Infection Microbiota

Infections usually arise from normal micro-organisms after a viral infection.

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Respiratory Tract Infections

A group of infections affecting parts of the respiratory system such as the nose, throat, and lungs.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

Common cause of acute otitis media, a gram-positive bacteria found in the respiratory system.

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Acute otitis media

Ear infection from bacteria growing in middle ear fluid.

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Endogenous infection

Infection from the body's normal bacteria.

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Carrier status

Carrying bacteria without symptoms, infecting others.

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Haemophilus influenzae

Second most common cause of otitis media, gram-negative bacillus bacteria.

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Epiglottitis

Inflammation of the epiglottis, often life-threatening.

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Eustachian tube

Channel connecting middle ear to throat, allowing fluid drainage.

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Normal flora

Good bacteria normally present in the body but can cause problems.

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Viral upper respiratory tract infection

Infection causing inflammation and fluid buildup; a precursor to ear infection.

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Inflammatory response

Body's natural response to infection with increased blood flow and pus.

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Epiglottitis symptoms

Difficult swallowing, drooling, fever, hoarse voice, and wheezing, caused by epiglottis inflammation.

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Epiglottitis severity

Severe cases can be a surgical emergency

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Epiglottitis prevention

Hib vaccine significantly lowered the occurrence of epiglottitis

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Moraxella catarrhalis

Commonly colonizes respiratory tract; causes respiratory illnesses, especially ear infections and bronchitis.

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Sinusitis cause

Inflammation of the sinuses due to allergies or infections. Infections arise from normal body flora following viral infections

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Sinusitis transmission

Not contagious; typically follows a viral infection.

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Sinus infection micro-organisms

Infections mostly come from normal microbes housed in the body after viral infections

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Respiratory infection origin

Involves nose, throat, and lungs primarily

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Sinusitis & Otitis Media

Same bacteria that cause ear infections can cause sinusitis

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Epiglottitis in children

A severe infection in the throat that is characterized by difficulty swallowing, drooling, high fever, hoarse voice, or possibly wheezing.

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Otitis Media Cause

Infections spreading from the respiratory system to the middle ear.

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Otitis Media Risk (Children)

Children's developing immune systems and shorter/straighter eustachian tubes make them more susceptible.

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Otitis Media Symptoms

Irritability, ear pulling, difficulty sleeping, fever, fluid drainage, loss of balance, and unresponsiveness to quiet sounds.

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Eustachian Tube Function

Connects the middle ear to the throat, aiding in fluid drainage.

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Eustachian Tube Issue (Children)

Shorter and straighter eustachian tubes in children may lead to fluid buildup and drainage issues.

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Otitis Media Complications

Untreated otitis media can lead to permanent hearing loss.

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Child's Immune System & Otitis Media

Immature immune systems in children make them more prone to ear infections.

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Breastfeeding and Otitis Media

Breastfeeding is linked to fewer episodes of otitis media in children.

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Adenoids and Otitis Media

Larger adenoids in children can interfere with eustachian tube function and increase the risk of infection.

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Hearing Loss in Otitis Media

Otitis media can cause temporary hearing loss due to restricted movement of the eardrum and middle ear bones.

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Study Notes

Otitis Media (Ear Infection)

  • Viral upper respiratory infections (colds, flu, sore throat) inflame eustachian tubes.
  • Inflamed tubes trap fluid in the middle ear.
  • Fluid buildup promotes bacterial growth causing acute otitis media (ear infection).

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