Special Education and IDEA Overview

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Questions and Answers

What landmark case established the right to public education for intellectually disabled children?

Guadalupe v. Tempe School District

PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (correct)

Mills v. Board of Education of D.C.

Larry P. v.

What does the Part C of Child Find under IDEA emphasize?

Providing assessments for all children in public schools

Identifying children ages 3 to 5 for special needs services

Evaluating children based on academic performance

Identifying children ages 0 through 2 for early intervention services (correct)

Which of these best describes a morpheme?

The repeating sound unit in a language

A type of sentence structure

A collection of words that form a phrase

The smallest unit of speech that carries meaning (correct)

Which data type is required for parametric tests?

Interval or ratio data Signup and view all the answers

What action should be taken if a student does not respond to an RTI intervention within 3-6 weeks?

The intervention should be adjusted or a new one formulated Signup and view all the answers

What do summative assessments typically evaluate?

Overall progress toward curricular or behavioral goals Signup and view all the answers

The temporal lobe is primarily associated with which of the following functions?

Memory, understanding, and language Signup and view all the answers

Which case required proper assessment standards for identifying students as mentally retarded?

Guadalupe v. Tempe School District Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'g' in Spearman's two-factor theory of intelligence represent?

General intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which level of RTI data analysis focuses on the overall data trends over time?

Trend Signup and view all the answers

In the ICEL framework for problem solving and ecological assessment, what does the 'E' stand for?

Environment Signup and view all the answers

What are the three qualitative identification levels for threats?

Transient, Substantive, Imminent Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of universal screening?

Determine instructional needs at the universal level Signup and view all the answers

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) must be conducted how frequently?

Triannually Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT a part of the Problem-Solving Framework?

Formulate long-term educational goals Signup and view all the answers

What type of assessment is a functional behavioral assessment?

Comprehensive and individualized assessment Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the liabilities associated with screeners?

Misclassification of students Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential social determinants of mental health?

Individual academic performance Signup and view all the answers

Which tier in the RTI model is designed for intensive targeted intervention?

Tier 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the RTI process?

Collect baseline performance data Signup and view all the answers

In formative assessments, what is often evaluated?

Students’ strengths and weaknesses Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a type of universal screener?

Standardized state testing Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Piaget's theory involves children gaining an understanding of conservation?

Concrete Operational Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) approach?

It is based on the idea that thoughts influence feelings and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT included in Bronfenbrenner's microsystem?

Neighborhood Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of learning does a student reach fluency in skill acquisition?

Proficiency Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of Erik Erikson's development do children start to explore their independence?

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'modeling' in Social Learning Theory primarily refer to?

Observing and imitating the actions of others. Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of Piaget's cognitive developmental stage theory?

Formal Operational Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the relationship and communication between individuals in a microsystem?

Mezzo System Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of these models emphasizes the role of different memory processes such as encoding and retrieval?

Information Processing Model (Complex) Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of the Humanistic/Person-centered approach?

Focus on cognitive restructuring. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of Piaget's theory, what does 'assimilation' imply?

Applying an existing schema to a new situation. Signup and view all the answers

What concept in developmental psychology refers to understanding that an object still exists even if hidden?

Object Permanence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Systems Theory perspective on student influences?

Considers a broad range of societal factors affecting the student. Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of Freud's psychosexual development does the child learn to postpone personal gratification?

Anal Signup and view all the answers

Which of these moral development stages is characterized by the desire to avoid punishment and gain rewards?

Preconventional Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which level includes the need for recognition and self-esteem?

Esteem Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the limbic system is most closely associated with emotional reactions?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What role does dopamine serve in the brain's neurotransmitter system?

Enhances mood and pleasure Signup and view all the answers

Which landmark case required that educational facilities must not segregate based on race?

Brown v.Board of Education Signup and view all the answers

What was established by the ruling in Lau v.Nichols concerning ESL students?

Provision of accommodations for ESL students Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's stages, the level where behavior conforms to societal norms is known as what?

Conventional Signup and view all the answers

What requirement did the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) impose on states?

Determine mandatory reporters and procedures Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'self-actualization' refer to in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Achieving one’s full potential Signup and view all the answers

Which case affirmed students' rights for inclusion in regular education classes?

Oberti v.Clementon Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the occipital lobe?

Vision Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with mood stabilization?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What did the ruling in Tatro v.Irving Independent School District mandate regarding educational services?

Schools must provide services without a doctor Signup and view all the answers

What did the Riles ruling in 1971 establish regarding minority students in special education?

The percentage of minority students in special education cannot exceed that in the representative population. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of conjoint behavioral consultation?

Develop new methods and strategies for the consultee Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions can standardized tests be used for placement decisions according to Pase v. Hannon (1980)?

They must not be culturally biased and used alongside other measures. Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect does the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 mandate for students receiving special education services?

They must be provided services in the least restrictive environment. Signup and view all the answers

What defines consulate-centered consultation?

Strengthening the consultee's skills while fostering mutual respect Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT commonly used in the process of behavioral consultation?

Problem avoidance Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did the Every Student Succeeds Act (2015) make compared to the No Child Left Behind Act?

It broadened the role of early childhood education. Signup and view all the answers

What do the letters in the PASS model stand for?

Planning, Attention, Simultaneous processing, Successive processing Signup and view all the answers

What does Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 primarily address?

Civil rights protections against discrimination based on handicapping conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines phonemic awareness?

The ability to work with individual sounds in spoken words. Signup and view all the answers

In multicultural consultee-centered consultation, what is emphasized?

Adjustment of the consultation process based on cultural issues Signup and view all the answers

What is one key element of an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

It outlines specific types of services needed by the student. Signup and view all the answers

What does the ethical problem solving model NOT include in its steps?

Overrule collaborative discussions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of manifestation determination?

To determine if a student's behavior is due to their disability Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is suggested to combat implicit bias in schools?

Raise awareness of implicit bias through research sharing. Signup and view all the answers

What is one alternative approach to retaining a student who is struggling?

Providing additional opportunities for academic support. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four aspects of trauma-informed care?

Reinforce Signup and view all the answers

What does a strong positive correlation coefficient, like 0.8, indicate?

Both variables tend to increase or decrease together. Signup and view all the answers

How does school climate affect student success?

It directly impacts social emotional and academic success. Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of harsh disciplinary practices in schools?

Increased incidence of suspension and expulsion. Signup and view all the answers

What type of skill training can benefit students who lag behind their peers?

Social-emotional skills training focusing on lagging skills. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of engagement is crucial when students understand what they are learning and why?

Cognitive engagement Signup and view all the answers

In terms of levels of challenge, what characterizes the independent level for a student?

Accurate in more than 97% of responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a key component of a healthy school climate?

Physical environment Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is recommended for developing cultural competency in schools?

Educating staff on culturally fair procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the 7 steps of action research?

Prioritize a practice problem and outcome Signup and view all the answers

What does a double-blind experiment ensure?

Both group members and researchers are unaware of group assignments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of nonparametric tests?

They use ordinal or nominal data Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of the 2018 Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidance (CSTAG)?

To manage and respond to potential threats Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is used to measure the effectiveness of a reading intervention for separate students?

Single subject design Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'effect size' refer to?

The magnitude of differences between groups Signup and view all the answers

What does the base rate indicate in the context of assessment?

The likelihood of an event occurring without intervention Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves evaluating a serious substantive threat in the CSTAG process?

Conduct a safety evaluation Signup and view all the answers

What does statistical significance help differentiate?

Real change from change due to chance Signup and view all the answers

In the context of assessment, what does the term 'correlation' specifically refer to?

A measure of the strength of relationship between variables Signup and view all the answers

What role does interobserver agreement serve in single-subject design?

It assesses the reliability of data collected Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act?

To ensure the right to an education for homeless students. Signup and view all the answers

Under which act were states required to identify children with disabilities?

Child Find Mandate under IDEA Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the No Child Left Behind Act?

To close the achievement gap among students. Signup and view all the answers

What does a 504 Plan aim to achieve?

To remove barriers to education for students with disabilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of intellectual disability?

Significant delay in cognitive and adaptive skills. Signup and view all the answers

What type of approach does cultural humility emphasize?

Recognition of the complexity in understanding identities. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes phonological awareness?

Recognizing and manipulating sounds in spoken language. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is considered a form of negligence in a professional setting?

Failing to prevent a preventable student injury. Signup and view all the answers

Which act is recognized as the first special education law in the U.S.?

Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) Signup and view all the answers

What primary distinction does the Perkins Act focus on?

Providing funding for career and technical education. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dyslexia from other specific learning disabilities?

It specifically impacts reading abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What are graphic organizers used for in education?

Helping students organize their work and thoughts. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Writing Process encompass?

Planning, drafting, revising, and editing. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of NASP's bullying recommendations?

Establishing corporal punishment policies. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of suicide postvention efforts?

To avoid glamorization of the deceased Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of implementation involves discussing the intervention's fit with the school?

Dissemination Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes primary implementers from secondary implementers?

Primary implementers directly teach or present the interventions. Signup and view all the answers

What has research shown about grade retention practices?

They are associated with long-term achievement decline. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of tracking in education?

Delivering a consistent curriculum at the same pace for all students. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a best practice for addressing bullying?

Teach social-emotional learning (SEL) Signup and view all the answers

What is learned helplessness?

A behavior resulting from the belief one cannot control events. Signup and view all the answers

What do bullyproofing programs aim to achieve at the tier 1 level?

Identifying bullying behaviors and raising awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What does service learning primarily teach students?

Social-emotional competency and empathy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas does CASEL emphasize for developing social-emotional skills?

Self-awareness Signup and view all the answers

What does universal design aim to achieve in education?

Ensuring all materials and instruction are accessible to all students. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of academic proficiency?

Acquisition Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common barrier to collaboration and consultation?

Funding issues for community involvement Signup and view all the answers

What are Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) primarily driven by?

Three primary questions about student learning Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Legal Cases Affecting Education of Students with Disabilities

PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972): Established the right to a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) for intellectually disabled children. Due process rights were also affirmed.
Mills v. Board of Education of D.C. (1970): Ruled that students with disabilities have a right to education, regardless of cost.
Hobson v. Hansen (1967): Ruled for equal educational opportunities regardless of socioeconomic status.
Diana v. State Board of Education (1970): Mandated assessments be administered in a student's native language.
Lau v. Nichols (1974): Required schools to provide accommodations for English Language Learners.
Tatro v. Irving Independent School District (1984): Schools must provide related services, like nursing support, if needed.
Marshall v. Georgia (1984): Allowed for minority representation in special education, as long as proper assessment and intervention occur.
Honig v. DOE (1988): Required manifestation hearings for students with IEPs facing suspension or expulsion.
Oberti v. Clementon (1993): Reinforced the right of students with disabilities to inclusion in regular education.
Rowley v. Hudson Board of Education (1982): Defined FAPE as an adequate, not necessarily optimal, education.
Guadalupe v. Tempe School District (1978): Defined criteria for identifying intellectual disabilities, including consideration of a student's primary language.
Larry P. v. Riles (1971): Prohibited the overrepresentation of minority students in special education classes.
Pase v. Hannon (1980): Standardized tests can be used, but must not be culturally biased.
Newport Mesa Unified School District v. State of California DOE (2010): Schools must provide parents access to test protocols.

IDEA & Other Federal Laws (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004: Outlines the 13 disability categories, mandates FAPE, Least Restrictive Environment (LRE), and a response to intervention (RTI) model. Specifies parental rights and responsibilities.
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA- 2015): Replaced NCLB, requires accountability plans, identifies and supports underperforming schools, and continues testing in reading and math.
Rehabilitation Act, Section 504 (1973): A civil rights law, not special education. Prohibits discrimination based on disability in any program receiving federal funds. Provides a broader description of "handicap" than IDEA.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA- 1990): Prohibits discrimination based on disability in employment, public services, and accommodations.

RTI (Response to Intervention)

RTI steps: Collect baseline data; Formulate a plan for evidence-based interventions; Establish an aim line; Implement intervention with fidelity; Monitor progress systematically; Evaluate effectiveness and adjust if needed.
Data Analysis for RTI: Trends, levels, and variability data are assessed.
Outcomes when RTI does not work: Intervention adjustments, new interventions, or referral for special education evaluation.

Assessment

Summative Assessments (GOMs, General Outcome Measurements): Used to determine progress toward goals at the end of grading periods, providing a summary of student achievement.
Formative Assessments (MMs, Mastery Measurements): Used to evaluate current skills and provide guidance for future instruction. Focuses on student progress compared to themselves.

Other Important Educational Concepts & Models

Intervention strategies: Reality Therapy, Solution-Focused Counseling, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
School Climate: Consists of physical, emotional, social, and academic factors, impacting student success.
Discipline and Bullying: Harsh practices can be detrimental. Bullying prevention emphasizes SEL (Social-Emotional Learning) and school-wide programs.
IEP (Individualized Education Program) and 504 Plans: IEPs provide individualized services, 504 Plans offer accommodations for equal access.
Cultural Humility: Recognizes the complexity of understanding identities of students and staff.
Collaboration, Consultation, and Action Research: Consultations for problem-solving and strengthening staff skills. Action research is school-based problem-solving.
Threat Assessment: CSTAG and BTAM outline procedures for managing threats, incorporating safety evaluation, and mitigating risks.
Multiple Disabilities: Special Education focuses on students identified under 13 disability categories.
Cultural Competency: Strategies include materials in various languages and interpreter services.
School Climate: Factors like engagement, safety, and environment impact student well-being and outcomes.
Early Intervention and Child Find: Mandated by IDEA, Child Find identifies children from birth to age 2.
Special Education Categories (SLD, Intellectual Disability): Categories are defined for eligibility for services. SLD encompasses reading, writing, math, and is the most common special education category. Intellectual Disability concerns adaptive behavior, function, and IQ.
Universal Design: Modifying teaching methods and materials to accommodate all students.
Student Tracking: Grouping based on ability; MTSS, differentiated instruction are recommended.
Suicide Prevention: Postvention is critical. Thorough investigation and support for students and staff are essential.
Trauma-Informed Care: Realizes, recognizes, responds and resists retraumatization.
Learning Theories: Includes Piaget's cognitive development, Erikson's developmental stages, Freud psychosexual development, Kohlberg's moral development, Bandura's social learning; and Maslow's hierarchy.
Brain Structures/Neurotransmitters: Includes motor cortex, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, sensory cortex, neurotransmitters (dopamine, endorphins, serotonin, glutamate).

Assessment and data analysis

Base rate: Frequency or likelihood of an event occurring without intervention.
Statistical significance: Determining if change is due to treatment or chance (p<.05).
Effect size: Quantifying the magnitude of treatment effects.
Correlation studies: Examining relationships between variables.
Single-subject designs: Repeated measurements of individual behavior. Inter-observer agreement helps establish reliability.
Nonparametric and parametric tests: Nominal/Ordinal data and normally distributed data. Examples include Chi square, ANOVA, and MANCOVA.
Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM): Criterion-referenced assessments using curriculum content, providing data for identifying and evaluating students at risk.
Functional Behavioral Assessments (FBA): Comprehensive assessments to identify the function of behavior.
Universal Screeners: Systematic methods for identifying student needs, including Curriculum-Based Measurements, fluency-based measures (DIBELS), Cognitive Abilities Test, as well as some mental health screeners.

Other Important Information

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA): Mandates reporting procedures, and establishes what to report.
Aversive Procedures: Discouraged and used only as a last resort by professionals.
Corporal Punishment: Strongly opposed by NASP.
FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act): Protects student confidentiality and designates parent access.
McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act: Guarantees education for homeless students.
Special education laws: Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA), now the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
Other Key Concepts/Legal Cases: Specific learning disabilities; Phonological awareness; Phonemes; Phonetics; Semantics; Syntax; Pragmatics, and more.

Additional Topics (Possibly Missing Some Detail)

Motor skills/developmental delays in school setting: Considerations for students with developmental challenges.
Section 504 and IDEA: Clear differences and overlaps between laws for students with disabilities.
Educational theories: Including various cognitive and humanistic theories.
Mental health/suicide risk assessment: Intervention strategies and ethical considerations.
Cultural factors in learning: Recognition of cultural diversity and learning styles.
Social determinants of mental health (SDMH): Considerations for student well-being and access to resources.

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Test your knowledge on landmark cases and key concepts in special education, particularly under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This quiz covers essential aspects such as public education rights, assessment standards, and response to intervention. Perfect for students and educators in the field of special education.