Spanish Colonialism in the Americas
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Questions and Answers

Which economic principle primarily motivated European powers like Spain to establish colonies in the Americas?

  • Communism, aiming for equitable distribution of resources among all nations involved.
  • Socialism, emphasizing government control of industries and wealth redistribution within the empire.
  • Capitalism, promoting free markets and open competition among various colonial ventures.
  • Mercantilism, focusing on accumulating wealth through a positive balance of trade and resource extraction from colonies. (correct)

What was the main purpose of the Spanish Flota system in the context of their American empire?

  • Regulating and protecting the shipment of precious metals and goods from the Americas to Spain. (correct)
  • Facilitating cultural exchange between Spain and its colonies by transporting artists and intellectuals.
  • Promoting free trade between Spanish colonies and other European powers to boost economic growth.
  • Defending colonial territories from indigenous uprisings through a network of naval patrols.

What was the main difference between a 'privateer' and a 'pirate' during the era of Spanish colonization in the Americas?

  • Privateers were exclusively employed by the Spanish crown, while pirates worked for rival European powers.
  • Privateers primarily targeted coastal settlements, while pirates focused on attacking ships in the open sea.
  • Privateers adhered to a strict code of conduct, while pirates were known for their brutality and disregard for human life.
  • Privateers were sanctioned by a government to attack enemy ships, while pirates operated independently without any official authorization. (correct)

What did the Laws of Burgos (1512) and the New Laws of the Indies (1542) attempt to regulate within the Spanish American colonies?

<p>The relationship and treatment of the indigenous populations by Spanish colonists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the concept of 'monopoly' apply to Spain's control over its American colonies?

<p>Spain aimed to control all trade to and from its colonies, restricting other European powers from participating. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'asiento' in the context of the Spanish colonial system?

<p>A license or contract granted by the Spanish crown to foreign companies for the right to trade slaves in Spanish colonies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of 'galleons' in Spain's strategy to protect its Spanish American empire?

<p>Galleons served primarily as warships to defend against rival European navies and protect Spanish ports in the Americas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did English, French, and Dutch strategies primarily aim to undermine Spain’s control over its Spanish American empire?

<p>By employing privateers to harass Spanish shipping and establishing illegal trade networks with Spanish colonies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary strategy employed by the French when attempting to take over colonies belonging to the Spanish?

<p>Engaging in warfare and illegal occupation of territories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a French colony in the Caribbean?

<p>Suriname (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many European groups are mentioned as having invaded Guiana?

<p>Two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions was NOT characteristic of the Dutch in their harassment of the Spanish?

<p>Establishing agricultural plantations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Dutch West India Company was established with the primary intention of:

<p>Conducting commerce within the Spanish Empire. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Dutch play as 'Foster Fathers' in the colonization efforts of the English and French?

<p>Transporting tobacco, providing capital, technology, expertise, and enslaved Africans. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms specifically refers to Dutch sea robbers?

<p>Zeerovers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a pirate and a privateer?

<p>Privateers are authorized by a government, while pirates act independently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treaty officially acknowledged the presence of the English in the Caribbean?

<p>Treaty of Madrid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of European rivalry in the Americas?

<p>Fragmentation of the Caribbean into colonies of various European countries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary intention behind the Laws of Burgos, enacted in 1512?

<p>To make the Encomienda System function more smoothly while reducing the workload of the indigenous population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of Spain's acquisition of an empire in the New World?

<p>The encouragement of other European powers to explore, colonize, and exploit the newly discovered territories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did other European countries view the Spanish Empire during its peak?

<p>As a valuable source of raw materials and a market for manufactured goods, but also as a naval training ground. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the quote from Francis I of France, "I should like to see the clause in Adam’s will that denies me a share of the world," primarily express?

<p>A challenge to the legitimacy of the Treaty of Tordesillas and a desire for France to also possess territories in the New World. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of European rivalry in the context of the Spanish Empire?

<p>A combination of piracy, privateering, smuggling, warfare, and illegal occupation aimed at undermining Spain's dominance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the English attempt to colonize Guiana initially unsuccessful?

<p>The area was remote, inhospitable, and difficult to settle, discouraging sustained English settlement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategic advantage did St. Christopher (St. Kitts) offer to the English after its establishment as a colony?

<p>It served as a naval base and a launching point for attacks on other Spanish-held territories in the Lesser Antilles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Dutch play in the early development of English colonies in the Caribbean?

<p>They assisted the English in setting up the first sugar mill, contributing to the growth of the sugar industry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the English capture of Jamaica occur, considering the original goal of the "Western Design"?

<p>The English forces failed to capture Hispaniola and took Jamaica as a consolation prize to demonstrate some level of success. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Port Royal contribute to the English presence and activities in the Caribbean after the capture of Jamaica?

<p>It became a base for buccaneers, contributing to the disruption of Spanish trade routes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What economic activity led to the permanent English settlement in Honduras (later Belize) during the 17th and 18th centuries?

<p>Logwood cutting, which provided a valuable dye for the textile industry in Europe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies did the English utilize to take control of territories from the Spaniards, specifically in St. Christopher and Jamaica?

<p>Full-scale warfare and military conquest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common factor that facilitated the takeover of certain territories in the Lesser Antilles?

<p>The islands being small and relatively unprotected. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to St. Kitts, which other Caribbean islands did the French expand into during their colonization efforts?

<p>Guadeloupe and Martinique. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What circumstances led to settlers from Tortuga and France migrating into Hispaniola?

<p>Encouragement by Governor D’Ogeron coupled with the Spanish inability to remove the trespassers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the initial method used by the Columbus brothers to establish Spanish control in Hispaniola?

<p>Military conquest followed by the introduction of the Encomienda system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Trinidad initially difficult for the Spanish to colonize?

<p>The Taino and Kalinago people mounted a strong resistance against Spanish invasion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of the Council of the Indies within the Spanish colonial government?

<p>To directly administer colonial affairs, including appointing officials and approving laws. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Spanish Crown attempt to maintain oversight and control over colonial officials in the Americas?

<p>Using mechanisms like the <em>Residencia</em> and <em>Visita</em> to review official conduct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Spanish divide their American empire into viceroyalties?

<p>To facilitate more efficient administration and governance of the vast territories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the cabildos in the Spanish colonial government?

<p>To function as local municipal governments governing towns and the countryside. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principles of mercantilism, what was the primary economic relationship expected between the Spanish colonies and Spain?

<p>Colonies should export raw materials to Spain and import manufactured goods from Spain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) in the Spanish colonial system?

<p>To oversee and control all economic activities between Spain and its colonies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the function of the Guarda Costa in the context of Spanish economic control during the colonial era?

<p>To enforce mercantilist policies by preventing illegal trade with other empires. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Pedro Menéndez de Aviles's key contribution to the Spanish economic system between 1567 and 1574?

<p>Developing a convoy system to protect valuable goods traded between Spain and its colonies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the 'Holy Office of Inquisition' in the Spanish American colonies?

<p>To ensure that only Catholic teachings were disseminated and to suppress heresy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to religious instruction, what other crucial social services were provided by the Catholic Church in the Spanish American colonies?

<p>Staffing schools, orphanages, hospitals, and poor houses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Spanish manage to exert significant control over the economies of their colonies throughout the Spanish American Empire?

<p>Through the implementation of a rigid mercantile system, ensuring that trade primarily benefited Spain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary responsibilities of the officials known as 'regidores' within the system of the 'Cabildos'?

<p>To maintain law and order, with an emphasis on military duties and local governance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 'Asiento' within the framework of the Spanish colonial economy, particularly concerning economic control?

<p>A license granted by the House of Trade, often relating to the trade of enslaved people. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Colonization

Establishing control over a dependent territory or people.

Mercantilism

Economic system where a nation's wealth increases through exports and trade.

Asiento

A contract granted by the Spanish Crown to sell enslaved Africans to the Americas.

Privateers

Armed private ships authorized to attack enemy vessels.

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Flota

Spanish trading fleet that sailed between Spain and its American colonies.

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Galleons

Large Spanish sailing ships used for trade and war.

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Empire

An extensive group of states or countries ruled by a single authority.

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Monopoly

Exclusive control of the supply or trade of a commodity or service.

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Saint-Domingue

Former name for Haiti; it became a wealthy French colony known for sugar production.

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French Takeover Strategies

Warfare and illegal settlement/occupation were strategies used by the French.

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French Colonies

Guadeloupe, Martinique and Grenada are three examples.

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European Invaders of Guiana

The English and the French both invaded Guiana.

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Dutch Tactics vs. Spain

They raided colonies, attacked convoys, mined resources, traded illegally, and formed the Dutch West India Company.

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Dutch Colonies

St. Martin, Bonaire, and Curacao are Dutch colonies.

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Dutch 'Foster Fathers'

The Dutch supported English and French colonization through transport, capital, and enslaved people.

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Buccaneers

Adventurers who plundered Spanish settlements and ships in the Caribbean.

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Treaties of Madrid & Ryswick

Spain recognized English presence in the Caribbean (1670) and French possessions (1697).

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Encomienda System

A system where Spanish colonists were granted land and the labor of the indigenous people who lived on that land.

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Cuba's Colonial Transformation

The extermination of the Taino people, which led to Cuba being used for sugar, beef, and agricultural production.

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King of Spain's Colonial Role

Administered the Spanish American empire through a council system.

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Council of the Indies Role

Appointed colonial officials and approved colonial laws.

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Divisions of the Spanish Empire

Viceroyalties, audiencias, and provinces.

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Residencia

Checked on the governor by three judges from Spain at the end of the term.

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Visita

Carried out by an official from Spain during the governor’s term.

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Spanish Viceroyalties

Viceroyalty of New Spain, Viceroyalty of Granada, Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of La Plata.

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Role of the Cabildos

Governed the towns and countryside.

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Colonial Economic Expectations

Export gold, silver, and tropical crops to Spain and import goods from Spain.

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Casa de Contratacion

Controlled all economic activities.

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The Convoy System

The flota left Seville in May for Mexico. The galleons left Seville in August for Panama. The two fleets reassembled at Havana to make their return trip to Spain in one convoy a year after they set out.

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Catholic Church's Colonial Role

It ran the schools, staffed the orphanages, hospitals and poor houses, Special church courts dealt with marriages and inheritance of property.

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Antonio de Montesinos

Dominican friar who spoke out against the mistreatment of indigenous people in the Spanish colonies.

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Laws of Burgos

Laws passed in 1512 intended to regulate the Encomienda system and reduce indigenous labor hours, but were largely ignored.

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Bartolome de Las Casas

He dedicated much of his life to advocating for the rights and protection of the indigenous peoples of the Americas against Spanish abuses.

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Spanish gains from Empire

Raw materials, mineral wealth, political power, improved infrastructure and military strength.

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Rivals of Spain

England, France, and the Dutch (Netherlands).

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"No peace beyond the line"

A phrase capturing the sentiment of European monarchs, like Francis I of France, who felt excluded from the division of the New World.

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Forms of attack

Piracy, privateering, buccaneering, smuggling, warfare, and illegal settlements.

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Guiana's challenges

Remote and inhospitable.

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Early English colonies

St. Christopher (St. Kitts), Nevis, Antigua, and Montserrat.

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Jamaica's capture

In 1655, the English, led by Penn and Venables, captured Jamaica after failing to seize Hispaniola in the 'Western Design'.

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Three English colonies

Barbados, St. Christopher, and Jamaica.

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Methods of takeover

Warfare (St. Christopher, Jamaica), and Illegal settlement/occupation.

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Easy takeover factors

The islands were smaller and poorly defended.

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Dutch role

Helped the English set up their first sugar mill, contributing to the growth of the sugar industry.

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Study Notes

Define and correctly use the

concepts colonisation,

mercantilism, asiento,

privateers, Flota, Galleones,

privateers, privateering,

empire, monopoly, colonist,

settlement, Laws of Burgos,

New Laws

Explain how Spain came to

establish her Spanish

American empire from the 15th

century onwards and name

the personalities involved.

View a map of the area

formerly referred to as the

Spanish American empire,

paying special attention to the

four Viceroyalties

Describe methods that

Spain implemented to

protect the Spanish

American Empire and

determine whether or not

these strategies were

effective or not

WHAT WILL I BE LEARNING

Explain strategies used by

the French, English and

Dutch to rival or break

Spain’s control of her

Spanish American Empire

Instructions: Find the

meanings of the following

words:

Colonisation

Mercantilism

Asiento

Privateers

Flota

Galleones

Piracy

Privateers

Privateering,

Empire

Monopoly

Colonist

Settlement

Laws of Burgos

New Laws

FOUNDED BY YOUR SCHOOL MATES

Empire - An extensive group

of states or countries ruled over

by a single monarch, an

oligarchy or a sovereign state.

Monopoly - the exclusive

possession or control of the

supply of or trade in a

commodity or service

Colonist- a settler in or

inhabitant of a colony.

Settlement- a colony or any

small community where you

can reside.

FOUNDED BY TEACHER

Mercantilism was an

economic system of trade that

spanned from the 16th

century to the 18th century.

Mercantilism was based on

the idea that a nation's wealth

and power were best served

by increasing exports and so

involved increasing trade.

FOUNDED BY YOUR SCHOOL MATES

Galleons - a sailing ship in use

(especially by Spain) from the

15th century to the 18th,

originally as a warship later for

trade

.

Privateers - an armed ship

owned and crewed by private

individuals holding a

government commission and

authorised for use in war,

especially in the capture of

merchant ship

Privateering - this is a noun

form of privateer

FOUNDED BY YOUR SCHOOL MATES

The Laws of Burgos issued on

Dec. 27, 1512, by Ferdinand II,

the Catholic, regulated

relations between Spaniards

and the conquered Indians,

particularly to ensure the

spiritual and material welfare

of the latter, who were often

severely treated.

The New Laws of the Indies

(1542) of Charles I, which

sought to correct the

inadequacies of the previous

code, met with armed

resistance from the American

colonists and were reissued in

a weaker version in 1552.

ENGAGE

How did the Spaniards

establish the Spanish

American Empire?

Do you know the names of the

people involved in

establishing the Spanish

American Empire, apart from

Columbus?

Name three colonies that

belonged to the Spanish

American Empire

How does a country

establish an empire?

Add a Slide Title - 3

HOW THE SPANISH EMPIRE CAME INTO

EXISTENCE/ WAS ESTABLISHED

SETTING UP A GOVERNMENT

STRUCTURE

HOW THE SPANISH EMPIRE CAME INTO

EXISTENCE/ WAS ESTABLISHED

ORGANISING THE ECONOMY

ESTABLISHING THE CHURCH

CONQUEST

Hispaniola- Conquered initially

by 1495 under the Columbus

brothers. But between 1502 to

1508 Nicolas de Ovando

implemented the Encomienda

System. Got permission from the

Spanish crown. Used for sugar,

tobacco and gold production

Puerto Rico- Ponce de Leon in

1508

Cuba- Diego Velasquez

exterminated the Taino. Used

for sugar, beef and agricultural

production.

Jamaica- conquered by Juan de

Esquivel. Was used for cattle

ranching and farming. Was seen

as one of the least significant of

the colonies in the Greater

Antilles

CONQUEST

Trinidad: was difficult to

conquer because of the fierce

resistance put up by the Taino

and Kalinago. Eventually it was

colonised by Josef de Oruna. It

served as a base for the

exploration of South America

Peru- Was occupied by the Incas

by was conquered by Francisco

Pizarro

Mexico – Was occupied by the

Aztecs. By 1522 Hernan Cortes

was made governor after he

captured Mexico

PUT IT IN THE

CHAT OR

PADLET IT!

SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

The King of Spain administered the Spanish American empire

through a Councilar system. The three main councils were:

The Council of Castile

The Council of Finance

The Council of the Indies –directly involved in colonial

government.

SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

(COUNCIL OF THE INDIES)

Set up by Ferdinand in 1511

Reorganised by Charles V in

1524

Role of the Council

Appointed colonial officials

Approved colonial laws

SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

Various councils and

individuals imposed royal

authority throughout the

empire. Colonial officials

were administered by the

Council of the Indies which

appointed officials such as

viceroys, governors and

captains-generals.

For administrative purposes

the empire was divided into

four viceroyalities,

audiencias and provinces.

SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

How did Spain use the

government to check on the

colonial officials

Residencia- checked on the

governor by three judges from

Spain at the end of the

governor’s term in office.

Visita- carried out by an official

from Spain during the governor’s

term

The Empire was also divided into

ten audencias. It was also

another body that checked on

the administration of the

governor in its function as a

court of appeal.

It reported directly to the

Council of the Indies.

It carried out the Viceroy’s

orders

SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

( MANAGING THE EMPIRE)

To better manage the Spanish

American empire that included

the island and mainland

territories it was felt that it

should be divided into

viceroyalties.

Eventually there were 4

Viceroyalty of New Spain

Viceroyalty of Granada

Viceroyalty of Peru

Viceroyalty of La Plata

Let’s look at the map again to

see where they were located

SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

The ordinary citizens were

governed locally by municipal

governments called cabildos

Role of the Cabildos

Governed the towns and country

side

The officials of the Cabildo were

called regidores and were nominated

by the captains-general. Their

military duties were emphasised in

the keeping of law and order. The

cabildo was considered the mainstay

of the Spanish colonial government.

PADLET IT

OR CHAT IT!!

PADLET IT OR

CHAT IT!!!

ECONOMIC CONTROL

The colonies were expected to

export gold, silver and tropical crops

to Spain and import goods from

Spain.

Cassava- produced by Amerindians

Maize- produced by Amerindians

Cattle ranching- newly introduced

Sugar production- newly introduced

Tobacco – now exploited

Banana – newly introduced

Citrus fruits – newly introduced

Gold

Silver

Precious stones

Hides

CASA DE CONTRATACION

( HOUSE OF TRADE) controlled all

economic activities

ECONOMIC CONTROL

Spain adopted an economic

theory called mercantilism. This

theory preached that it was

essential to protect one’s own

trade and empire by ensuring

that others did not trade in that

empire and that its exotic

commodities were carried only

in the ships of one’s own

merchant navy

How did Spain ensure this?

Guarda Coasta

How did Spain ensure this?

Setting up forts and fortifications

at important ports and towns

Asiento ( license granted by the

House of Trade)

CARIBBEAN Story Book 1

Page 39, 41-43

PADLET IT OR CHAT IT

ECONOMIC CONTROL

Pedro Menendez de Aviles was

in charge of shipping between

1567 and 1574 and he

successfully worked out the

means of protecting the valuable

goods that were being traded

between Spain and her colonies.

He established

The convoy system – the flota

left Seville in May for Mexico.

The galleons left Seville in

August for Panama. The two

fleets reassembled at Havana

to make their return trip to

Spain in one convoy a year

after they set out.

ECONOMIC CONTROL

(b) Fortification of the ports of

Cartagena, Santo Domingo,

San Juan and Havana

(c) Squadron of fast ships called

armadillas which patrolled the

shipping lanes of the Caribbean.

The Catholic Church in the Spanish American

colonies

It ran the schools

It staffed the orphanages, hospitals

and poor houses

Special church courts dealt with

marriages and inheritance of

property

Dealt with heretics.

Holy Office of Inquisition

ensured that books that went

against Catholic teachings did

not enter the colonies

Who protected the Amerindians?

Antonio de Montesinos-

Dominican Friar

Spoke out against the cruelty

against the indigenous

population

The Encomenderos were upset

and tried to silence him and

sent news back to Spain that he

was threatening the peace

between the Amerindians and

the Spaniards in Santo Domingo

Montesinos himselself went

back to Spain where he spoke to

the Church Council.

They listened and passed the

Laws of Burgos which was signed

by King Ferdinand in 1512. These

laws were intended to help the

Encomienda System work and

lessen the hours of work.

However, these laws were

ignored in the colonies

Who protected the Amerindians?

https://youtu.be/3Li93X-VXr4

Bartolome de las Casas

EXPLORE

What did Montesinos do to help

the Amerindians?

Why do you think he failed?

What did Las Casas do to help

the Amerindians?

Why did he fail?

Was there any reasonable

chance for the ideas of Las Casas

and Montesinos to succeed?

WHAT THE SPANIARDS GAINED FROM

HAVING AN EMPIRE

New continent- had agricultural

potential and mineral wealth

Motivated other Spanish

explorers, colonisers and

exploiters

Wealth earned was used to

finance wars against countries

like Holland and England.

WHAT THE SPANIARDS GAINED FROM

HAVING AN EMPIRE

More political power

Wealth from the colonies

improved her cities,

universities, churches and

armies

HOW OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FELT

Saw the Spanish empire as:

Valuable producer of raw

materials

A market for their manufactured

goods

A naval training ground

A dumping ground for the

unemployed and destitute

A source of mineral wealth

Had no respect for the Treaty of

Tordesillas

Non Spanish countries that were jealous of

Spain

England

France

Holland/ Dutch/ The

Netherlands

ALL OUT WAR

Francis 1 of France

Other European monarchs

“I should like to see the clause in

Adam’s will that denies me a

share of the world”

What do you think of these

statement?

NO PEACE BEYOND THE LINE

Theme: Amerindians and Europeans

Subtopic: European Rivalry

Attack on the Spanish Empire

Piracy

Privateering

Buccaneering

Smuggling/Illegal trading

Warfare

Illegal occupation/Illegal

settlement

THE ENGLISH: brucking up di Spanish dolly house

( The role of the English in breaking Spain’s

monopoly on her empire)

Guiana- this colony was remote and

inhospitable.

Charles Leigh – 1604

Robert Harcourt-1609

Roger North- 1620

Attempt was unsuccessful but

stimulated interest in the Lesser

Antilles that was mostly neglected by

the Spaniards

St. Christopher-now called St. Kitts

Thomas Warner- in 1622 claimed for

England.

Note that at one point the French,

English and Spaniards all fought over

the country because of the fertile soil.

Eventually the French lost interest and

the English booted out the Spaniards.

St. Christopher was used as a base to

launch attack on other countries in

the Lesser Antilles.

Nevis- captured and settled in 1628

Antigua and Montserrat- captured in

1632

THE ENGLISH: brucking up di Spanish dolly house

( The role of the English in breaking Spain’s

monopoly on her empire)

Barbados- 1624 Powell brothers took

possession as it was uninhabited. Soon

other English settlers followed, from

1627 onwards

It was used for tobacco, cotton and

food crops production

The English were assisted by the Dutch

in setting up the first sugar mill in the

1640s

Jamaica: The success at capturing this

country in 1655 was not the original

goal.

The English under a plan by Oliver

Cromwell called “ Western Design”

was to take over Hispaniola from the

Spaniards, under the leadership of

Penn and Venables. These men were

not successful at taking Hispaniola so

to “save face” they decided to take

over Jamaica. There was an attempt to

retake Jamaica in 1658 by the Spanish

commander Christobal de Ysasi but he

was unsuccessful

THE ENGLISH: brucking up di Spanish dolly house

( The role of the English in breaking Spain’s

monopoly on her empire)

Port Royal became the base for

buccaneers and Spanish Town

remained the capital. It later

became a major English sugar

island.

The Honduras: ( Later called

Belize) During the 1600s the

buccaneers turned from robbing

ships to logwood cutting at the

Yucatan and Mosquito Coast. By

the 18th century Honduras

became a major supplier of

logwood and a permanent

English settlement.

Name three English colonies

Barbados, St, Christopher, Jamaica, Guiana

By which methods did the English take over most of the territories that they got from the Spaniards? ( Be specific to the country)

warfare: St. Christopher, Jamaica

Illegal settlement/illegal occupation

Why was the take over of Guiana not one of success for the English?

It was remote and inhospitable- a place that is harsh and difficult to live in and also unwelcoming.

Where did the English “cast their eyes” when they found it difficult to settle/ occupy Guiana?

The Lesser Antilles- the islands were smaller, they were unprotected which meant they could be more easily captured

What factors made it easy to take over some territories?

the islands were smaller, they were unprotected which meant they could be more easily captured

What role did the Dutch play in helping the British to establish their settlement?

The Dutch helped the English to set up their first sugar mill

Here comes the French:

The French had at one point

occupied both ends of St. Kitts

for France under the leadership

of D’Esnambuc . They later

expanded into:

Guadeloupe

St. _ _ _ _ _

M R I Q E

St. C_ 0 _ X

St. Bartholomew

G E N D A

Here comes the French:

Tortuga, located off the north

west coast of Hispaniola, was

taken over by buccaneers in

Encouraged by Governor D’

Ogeron settlers from Tortuga

and France moved into

Hispaniola.

The Spaniards could not remove

these trespassers and so St.

Domingue developed into the

“Pearl of the Antilles”

French Guiana – 1674 at

Cayenne

Here comes the French:

Which of the strategies do you

see coming out when the French

attempted to take over the

colonies that belonged to the

Spaniards?

Warfare, illegal settlement/illegal

occupation

Name THREE French colonies

Guadeloupe, Martinique,

Grenada, Bartholomew, St. Lucia,

Haiti

Pronouce St. Dominique

Challenge: How many European

groups actually invaded

Guiana?

2- English and French

( Suriname) Dutch Colony

Who were the next invaders into the

Spanish Empire?

DUTCH INVADORS

Dutch – Protestants?

Sent pirates and Dutch colonist to

harass the Spaniards by:

Raiding Spanish colonies

Attack Spanish convoys

Dug salt at Punta Araya

Stole pearls at Margarita

Illegally traded throughout the

empire

Set up the Dutch West India

Company for the sole purpose of

conducting commerce within the

Spanish Empire

Piet Hein, a Dutch pirate

captured a whole Spanish fleet

off Havana

DUTCH INVADORS

The Dutch established settlements

in Guiana and along the coast of

Brazil…….hold on to this though.

Colonies

St. Martin

Bonaire

St. Eustatius

Saba

Curacao

Aruba

Name given to the Dutch “Foster

Fathers” – what does the concept

mean?

Assisted the English and French

colonisation by:

Transporting tobacco

Assisted with the capital,

technology and expertise

Acquisition of enslaved African

“WORTHLESS THIEVES”

Pirates

Privateers

Buccaneers Common

names

Corsairs

Filibusters

Zeerovers (“sea robbers”)

Dutch

Freebooters

Sea dogs OTHER

NAMES

John Hawkins ( English)

Francis Drake ( English)

Henry Morgan ( English)

Walter Raleigh ( English)

Thomas Warner ( English)

Jean Anjo ( French)

Francois LeClerc ( French)

Jacques Sore ( French)

Piet Hein/ Pieter Heyn (

Dutch)

Privateer

A person or ship privately

owned and crewed but

authorized by a government

during wartime to attack and

capture enemy vessels.

Buccaneer:

English, French, or Dutch sea

adventurer who haunted

chiefly the Caribbean and the

Pacific seaboard of South

America, preying on Spanish

settlements and shipping

during the second half of the

17th century.

Pirate:

Someone who attacks and

steals from a ship at sea.

PEACE BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE

‘WORTHLESS THIEVES”

1670- Treaty of Madrid- Spain

officially acknowledge the

presence of the English in the

Caribbean

1697- Treaty of Ryswyck- Spain

recognise all French possessions

in the Caribbean

EFFECTS OF EUROPEAN RIVALRY

Illicit trade, armed assault and

colonisation crippled Spain’s

monopoly of the Americas

The fight for colonies

fragmented the Caribbean into

“subjects” of European countries

Diminished indigenous

population

Introduced African slavery

The Dutch were expelled to an

extent but it paved the way for

Anglo- French conflict of the 18th

century

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Explore the economics, trade, and governance of Spain's American colonies. Discover the flota system, privateers, and the impact of Spanish laws. Learn about the challenges posed by other European powers.

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