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Questions and Answers
What was one result of the intermarriage between pagans and Christians?
What was one result of the intermarriage between pagans and Christians?
What was a significant challenge faced by the pagans resisting Spanish influence?
What was a significant challenge faced by the pagans resisting Spanish influence?
What does the term 'remontado' refer to in this context?
What does the term 'remontado' refer to in this context?
What indicates the presence of animosity between pagan and Christian communities?
What indicates the presence of animosity between pagan and Christian communities?
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How did the mountainous regions serve those opposing Spanish control?
How did the mountainous regions serve those opposing Spanish control?
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What was the consequence of Spanish attacks on Muslim regions during the late sixteenth century?
What was the consequence of Spanish attacks on Muslim regions during the late sixteenth century?
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Which factor contributed to the perceived cultural disdain between Christians and Muslims?
Which factor contributed to the perceived cultural disdain between Christians and Muslims?
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What did the apostates' corruption primarily affect?
What did the apostates' corruption primarily affect?
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What was one outcome of the socioreligious control over the indios?
What was one outcome of the socioreligious control over the indios?
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Which agricultural method was adopted to increase productivity?
Which agricultural method was adopted to increase productivity?
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What items did the indios produce for tribute due to changes in agriculture?
What items did the indios produce for tribute due to changes in agriculture?
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What was the name given to the system of requisitioning goods and food at lower-than-market prices?
What was the name given to the system of requisitioning goods and food at lower-than-market prices?
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Which of the following best describes the impact of sedentary agricultural practices on the indios?
Which of the following best describes the impact of sedentary agricultural practices on the indios?
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What was the significance of the galleon trade established in 1572?
What was the significance of the galleon trade established in 1572?
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What were indios required to cultivate alongside their primary crops?
What were indios required to cultivate alongside their primary crops?
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What was one impact of the increased agricultural production on the economy?
What was one impact of the increased agricultural production on the economy?
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What role did the Filipinos primarily serve in during the timber transportation to the coast?
What role did the Filipinos primarily serve in during the timber transportation to the coast?
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Which of the following factors contributed to the rapid population decline between 1565 and 1591?
Which of the following factors contributed to the rapid population decline between 1565 and 1591?
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What was the estimated preconquest population before 1591 census recorded only 166,903 tribute payers?
What was the estimated preconquest population before 1591 census recorded only 166,903 tribute payers?
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What did Governor Vargas receive orders to ensure regarding native workmen in 1679?
What did Governor Vargas receive orders to ensure regarding native workmen in 1679?
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Which area experienced a 40 percent population drop from 1591 to 1655?
Which area experienced a 40 percent population drop from 1591 to 1655?
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What was a common cause of riots and commotion among the native workers?
What was a common cause of riots and commotion among the native workers?
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By 1766, how many tribute payers were estimated to be living under Spanish control?
By 1766, how many tribute payers were estimated to be living under Spanish control?
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What was one of the tactics that led to the failure of uprisings during the Spanish rule?
What was one of the tactics that led to the failure of uprisings during the Spanish rule?
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What was one of the primary products traded to China from Maguindanao?
What was one of the primary products traded to China from Maguindanao?
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During whose reign did the strength of the Maguindanao sultanate peak?
During whose reign did the strength of the Maguindanao sultanate peak?
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What type of political strategy did Sultan Kudarat employ?
What type of political strategy did Sultan Kudarat employ?
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What led to the weakening of Cotabato's participation in international trade by the late 1700s?
What led to the weakening of Cotabato's participation in international trade by the late 1700s?
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What was the primary reason the Spaniards remained in the Philippines?
What was the primary reason the Spaniards remained in the Philippines?
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Which sultanate rose to power in the Philippines after the decline of Maguindanao?
Which sultanate rose to power in the Philippines after the decline of Maguindanao?
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What challenge did Spain face regarding its economic position in the Philippines?
What challenge did Spain face regarding its economic position in the Philippines?
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What was a key characteristic of the relationship between Maguindanao and the Spanish?
What was a key characteristic of the relationship between Maguindanao and the Spanish?
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What was the primary motivation for Spain to retain control of the Philippines?
What was the primary motivation for Spain to retain control of the Philippines?
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What was one method the British used to gain access to Chinese goods?
What was one method the British used to gain access to Chinese goods?
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How did the southern Philippine sultanates view their relationship with Spain?
How did the southern Philippine sultanates view their relationship with Spain?
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What was the outcome of the British occupation of Manila during the Seven Years War?
What was the outcome of the British occupation of Manila during the Seven Years War?
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Which of the following issues highlighted the administrative weakness in the Philippines during the British occupation?
Which of the following issues highlighted the administrative weakness in the Philippines during the British occupation?
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What was one consequence of the Spaniards' mercantilist policies in the Philippines?
What was one consequence of the Spaniards' mercantilist policies in the Philippines?
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What was lacking in Manila that contributed to the Spanish defeat during the British attack?
What was lacking in Manila that contributed to the Spanish defeat during the British attack?
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What prompted the British to intrude on the galleon trade?
What prompted the British to intrude on the galleon trade?
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Study Notes
Spanish Colonial Policies in the Philippines
- Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines was characterized by a system of economic exploitation designed to benefit the Spanish Crown and its agents.
- Land ownership: Indios were forced into a system akin to European feudalism, where they were tied to the land they worked but did not own. This prevented them from trading freely with other communities and made it difficult to evade oppressive taxes.
- Intensified agriculture: Indios were required to cultivate their own fields more intensively, raising chickens, pigs, and fruit trees, mimicking a system of forced agricultural labor.
- Technological advancements: The Spanish introduced a Chinese plow pulled by a carabao to increase agricultural productivity, but it took decades for these new techniques to become fully integrated.
- Tribute system: The Spanish imposed various forms of taxation on the indios, including tributes, vandala, (the forced purchase of goods at below-market prices) and corvée labor (unpaid or low-paid forced labor for public works).
- Galleon Trade: The Spanish established a monopoly trade route between Spanish America, the Philippines, and China called the "Galleon Trade" utilizing large ships. This route was highly lucrative for Spanish individuals and institutions who profited from the trade.
Resistance to Spanish Rule
- Population decline: The introduction of Spanish rule, forced labor, excessive tributes, famine, and epidemics led to a significant decline in the Philippines' population from an estimated 750,000 prior to colonization to only 166,903 tribute payers in 1591.
- Uprisings: While there were numerous uprisings against Spanish rule, most were put down quickly due to factors like friar informants, inter-barangay rivalries, and superior Spanish military forces.
- Resistance in the mountains: Mountain communities remained largely outside Spanish control and resisted both economic and religious impositions, as well as the social stratification accompanying state formation. This led to tension between Christian populations and the “pagans” in the mountains in the form of raids.
- The Muslim South: The Spanish faced resistance from the Muslim sultanates of Mindanao and Sulu, who engaged in international commerce and diplomacy, forming alliances with other powers and even trading with the Spanish.
- British Occupation of Manila: Spanish weaknesses were revealed during the Seven Years War when the British were able to easily occupy Manila in 1762, due to inadequate defenses and the weakness of Spanish rule—the Archbishop of Manila was the legal civil and military commander at the time, and he failed to prepare for the attack.
- Indio Support: The British were surprised to find that the indios remained in Manila, not deserting the city, during the occupation.
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Description
Explore the economic exploitation and policies imposed by the Spanish colonial authorities in the Philippines. This quiz covers land ownership issues, the tribute system, agricultural practices, and technological advancements introduced during Spanish rule. Test your knowledge of this historical period and its impact on Filipino society.
