Spanish Colonial Policies in the Philippines
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Spanish Colonial Policies in the Philippines

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Questions and Answers

What was one result of the intermarriage between pagans and Christians?

  • Complete separation of religious beliefs.
  • Increased social stratification in pagan communities.
  • The creation of a peaceful society.
  • The emergence of a mixed belief system with superstitions. (correct)

    • What was a significant challenge faced by the pagans resisting Spanish influence?

  • Total acceptance of Spanish customs and religion.
  • They were fully integrated into the lowland political structure.
  • They lacked any leadership or organization.
  • The retention of a datu-led social structure. (correct)

    • What does the term 'remontado' refer to in this context?

  • A festival celebrated by Christians.
  • The merging of pagans and Christians.
  • People fleeing from various forms of oppression. (correct)
  • A social structure created by Spanish officials.

    • What indicates the presence of animosity between pagan and Christian communities?

    <p>Pagan raids on lowland towns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the mountainous regions serve those opposing Spanish control?

    <p>They provided refuge and a base for resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of Spanish attacks on Muslim regions during the late sixteenth century?

    <p>Elimination of Bornean influence from Luzon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributed to the perceived cultural disdain between Christians and Muslims?

    <p>Increased political and cultural differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the apostates' corruption primarily affect?

    <p>The simplicity of pagan beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome of the socioreligious control over the indios?

    <p>Indios were forbidden from leaving towns without permission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agricultural method was adopted to increase productivity?

    <p>Employing a Chinese plow pulled by carabao.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What items did the indios produce for tribute due to changes in agriculture?

    <p>Pottery, textiles, and coconut oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name given to the system of requisitioning goods and food at lower-than-market prices?

    <p>Vandala system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of sedentary agricultural practices on the indios?

    <p>Loss of ability to evade taxation and increased dependency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the galleon trade established in 1572?

    <p>It facilitated a monopoly trade between Spanish colonies and other regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were indios required to cultivate alongside their primary crops?

    <p>Chickens, pigs, and fruit trees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one impact of the increased agricultural production on the economy?

    <p>The revival of trade for various goods once unobtainable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Filipinos primarily serve in during the timber transportation to the coast?

    <p>Laborers drafted under a corveé system for rough work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributed to the rapid population decline between 1565 and 1591?

    <p>Forced labor, excessive tributes, and epidemics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated preconquest population before 1591 census recorded only 166,903 tribute payers?

    <p>750,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Governor Vargas receive orders to ensure regarding native workmen in 1679?

    <p>They are treated with benignity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area experienced a 40 percent population drop from 1591 to 1655?

    <p>Certain areas of Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common cause of riots and commotion among the native workers?

    <p>Harsh treatment by Spanish or Moro foremen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By 1766, how many tribute payers were estimated to be living under Spanish control?

    <p>800,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the tactics that led to the failure of uprisings during the Spanish rule?

    <p>Division due to inter-barangay rivalry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary products traded to China from Maguindanao?

    <p>Tobacco</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During whose reign did the strength of the Maguindanao sultanate peak?

    <p>Sultan Kudarat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of political strategy did Sultan Kudarat employ?

    <p>Playing rival powers against each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the weakening of Cotabato's participation in international trade by the late 1700s?

    <p>Spanish blockades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason the Spaniards remained in the Philippines?

    <p>Manila's role as a staging post for religious missions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sultanate rose to power in the Philippines after the decline of Maguindanao?

    <p>Sulu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge did Spain face regarding its economic position in the Philippines?

    <p>Absence of valuable local commodities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key characteristic of the relationship between Maguindanao and the Spanish?

    <p>Rivalry characterized by stalemate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary motivation for Spain to retain control of the Philippines?

    <p>Control over the spice trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one method the British used to gain access to Chinese goods?

    <p>Trading arms to Sulu for valuable products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the southern Philippine sultanates view their relationship with Spain?

    <p>They prioritized independence and rivalry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the British occupation of Manila during the Seven Years War?

    <p>The British controlled the city until 1764</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following issues highlighted the administrative weakness in the Philippines during the British occupation?

    <p>The archbishop's inaction to prepare for an attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the Spaniards' mercantilist policies in the Philippines?

    <p>Growing resentment from British traders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was lacking in Manila that contributed to the Spanish defeat during the British attack?

    <p>A unified military command</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted the British to intrude on the galleon trade?

    <p>To exchange Indian textiles for Mexican silver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Spanish Colonial Policies in the Philippines

    • Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines was characterized by a system of economic exploitation designed to benefit the Spanish Crown and its agents.
    • Land ownership: Indios were forced into a system akin to European feudalism, where they were tied to the land they worked but did not own. This prevented them from trading freely with other communities and made it difficult to evade oppressive taxes.
    • Intensified agriculture: Indios were required to cultivate their own fields more intensively, raising chickens, pigs, and fruit trees, mimicking a system of forced agricultural labor.
    • Technological advancements: The Spanish introduced a Chinese plow pulled by a carabao to increase agricultural productivity, but it took decades for these new techniques to become fully integrated.
    • Tribute system: The Spanish imposed various forms of taxation on the indios, including tributes, vandala, (the forced purchase of goods at below-market prices) and corvée labor (unpaid or low-paid forced labor for public works).
    • Galleon Trade: The Spanish established a monopoly trade route between Spanish America, the Philippines, and China called the "Galleon Trade" utilizing large ships. This route was highly lucrative for Spanish individuals and institutions who profited from the trade.

    Resistance to Spanish Rule

    • Population decline: The introduction of Spanish rule, forced labor, excessive tributes, famine, and epidemics led to a significant decline in the Philippines' population from an estimated 750,000 prior to colonization to only 166,903 tribute payers in 1591.
    • Uprisings: While there were numerous uprisings against Spanish rule, most were put down quickly due to factors like friar informants, inter-barangay rivalries, and superior Spanish military forces.
    • Resistance in the mountains: Mountain communities remained largely outside Spanish control and resisted both economic and religious impositions, as well as the social stratification accompanying state formation. This led to tension between Christian populations and the “pagans” in the mountains in the form of raids.
    • The Muslim South: The Spanish faced resistance from the Muslim sultanates of Mindanao and Sulu, who engaged in international commerce and diplomacy, forming alliances with other powers and even trading with the Spanish.
    • British Occupation of Manila: Spanish weaknesses were revealed during the Seven Years War when the British were able to easily occupy Manila in 1762, due to inadequate defenses and the weakness of Spanish rule—the Archbishop of Manila was the legal civil and military commander at the time, and he failed to prepare for the attack.
    • Indio Support: The British were surprised to find that the indios remained in Manila, not deserting the city, during the occupation.

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    Description

    Explore the economic exploitation and policies imposed by the Spanish colonial authorities in the Philippines. This quiz covers land ownership issues, the tribute system, agricultural practices, and technological advancements introduced during Spanish rule. Test your knowledge of this historical period and its impact on Filipino society.

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