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Who established the first Spanish colonial settlement in the Philippines?
Who established the first Spanish colonial settlement in the Philippines?
The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1898, marking the end of Spanish rule in the Philippines.
The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1898, marking the end of Spanish rule in the Philippines.
True
In what year did the Philippines revert to direct administration from Madrid?
In what year did the Philippines revert to direct administration from Madrid?
1821
The first Spanish settlement in the Philippines was called __________.
The first Spanish settlement in the Philippines was called __________.
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Match the following councils with their roles:
Match the following councils with their roles:
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Who appointed the cabeza de barangay?
Who appointed the cabeza de barangay?
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The leader of the barangay received a salary for their position.
The leader of the barangay received a salary for their position.
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What was the highest office held by a Filipino during the Spanish colonial period?
What was the highest office held by a Filipino during the Spanish colonial period?
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A group of barangays formed a ______.
A group of barangays formed a ______.
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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Study Notes
Spanish Colonial Government
- Began in 1565 with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi establishing the first Spanish settlement, San Miguel, in Cebu.
- Ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1898, ceding the Philippines to the USA for $20,000,000.
- Administered indirectly through Mexico until 1821, after which governance reverted to Madrid.
- The Council of the Indies managed administrative affairs until its dissolution in 1837, replaced by the Council of Ministers.
- The Ministry of Ultramar oversaw the Philippines from 1863 until 1898.
Local Government Structure
- Barangay: Basic administrative unit led by a cabeza de barangay, appointed by the gobernadorcillo.
- The gobernadorcillo was the highest Filipino office, also known as CAPITAN, and required to be at least 25 years old, literate in Spanish, and a former cabeza de barangay.
- No salaries for pueblo and barangay officials; benefits included tribute exemption and membership in the PRINCIPALIA class.
- Provinces were classified as:
- Alcaldia: Peaceful province led by an alcalde mayor with executive and judicial powers.
- Corregimiento: Military province led by a corregidor.
Political History
- Filipino pre-colonial governance featured barangays, ruled by a datu with executive, legislative, judicial, and military powers.
- The datu system was hereditary but allowed ascension through ability and wealth.
- Four classes existed: maharlika (nobility), timawa (freemen), aliping namamahay (serfs), and aliping sagigilid (slaves).
- Codified laws were limited to the Maguindanao Code and Principal Sulu Code.
National Administrative Structure
- Spain maintained a unitary government with the Governor-General holding extensive powers across executive, legislative, judicial, and diplomatic functions.
- The Junta de Autoridades served as the governor-general's cabinet, while the Consejo de Administracion handled budgetary matters.
- The Audiencia Real, established in 1583, functioned as the highest court during Spanish rule.
Filipino Revolutionary Governments
- The Katipunan was formed by Andres Bonifacio in 1892 to seek independence from Spain, leading to the revolt beginning on August 26, 1896.
- The Republic of Biak-na-Bato, founded in June 1897 by Aguinaldo, sought negotiations resulting in exiled governance.
- A Dictatorial Government was established in May 1898 by Aguinaldo, proclaiming independence on June 12, 1898.
- The Revolutionary Government held the Malolos Congress on September 15, 1898, leading to the Malolos Constitution and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic on January 23, 1899.
American Governments in the Philippines
- Following the Treaty of Paris in 1898, the U.S. established a Military Government in August 1898 led by General Wesley Merritt.
- The Civil Government began on July 4, 1901, with William H. Taft as the first Civil Governor.
- The Philippine Commonwealth Government was initiated through the Tydings-McDuffie Law on March 24, 1934, aiming for eventual independence with Manuel L. Quezon as its first president.
The Japanese Occupation
- The Japanese established military control on January 3, 1942, abolishing U.S. sovereignty.
- Created the Philippine Executive Commission led by Jorge B. Vargas.
- The Second Philippine Republic was formed in 1943, with Dr. Jose P. Laurel as president, lacking true sovereignty.
- The Japanese-sponsored government dissolved after WWII, leading to the Restoration of the Commonwealth.
The Restored Commonwealth Government
- The Commonwealth was reestablished on February 27, 1945, after U.S. liberation efforts.
- President Sergio Osmeña took leadership following Quezon's death in exile.
- The last Commonwealth elections occurred in April 1946 leading to the election of Manuel A. Roxas as the first president of the independent Philippines.
Governments of Independent Philippines: From 1946 to Present
- The Third Philippine Republic began on July 6, 1946, with Roxas as President.
- Fourth Republic established under Martial Law in 1973, with President Marcos enforcing new constitutional powers.
- The Fifth Republic emerged from the revolution against Marcos in 1986, with Corazon Aquino instituting the Freedom Constitution and subsequently ratifying the 1987 Constitution.
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Description
This quiz explores the Spanish colonial government established in the Philippines, starting with the settlement by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565. It covers key events, including the Treaty of Paris that ended Spanish rule in 1898. Test your knowledge on the history of Spanish governance in the islands.
