Spanish Colonial Policies and Labor Systems
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Questions and Answers

What was the purpose of the Polo y Servicio Personal policy?

  • To promote trade between Spain and the Philippines
  • To enlist men for military service
  • To encourage voluntary community service among the population
  • To require male citizens to provide forced labor for government projects (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the role of an encomendero?

  • An individual granted the rights to the protection and taxation of native people (correct)
  • A person exempted from labor through payment
  • A government official responsible for military recruitment
  • A trader who facilitated international exchanges

    • What was the significance of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade?

  • It facilitated cultural exchanges between the Philippines and other countries. (correct)
  • It was the first form of currency introduced in the Philippines.
  • It revolutionized agricultural practices in the region.
  • It established a permanent military presence in the Philippines.

    • How did the Tobacco Monopoly affect the economy of the Philippines?

    <p>It increased government income and agricultural self-sufficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais primarily focused on?

    <p>Income-generating monopolies and economic improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of encomienda was reserved for the King and included principal towns?

    <p>Royal or Crown Encomienda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the exemption fee for the Polo y Servicio Personal policy known as?

    <p>Falla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the chief responsibilities of the encomendero under the Encomienda System?

    <p>To collect taxes from the native population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the results of the opening of the Philippines to world trade from 1834 to 1898?

    <p>Formation of the Principalia social group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which literary works influenced ideas on liberalism during this period?

    <p>Two Treatises on Government and Social Contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recreational establishment was developed during this period?

    <p>Manila Jockey Club</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first daily newspaper that appeared in the Philippines?

    <p>Diario de Manila</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area housed a significant concentration of Spaniards and European business tycoons?

    <p>San Miguel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were Fr. Pedro Pablo Pelaez and Fr. Mariano Gomez known for in the Philippines?

    <p>Trailblazers in the nationalist movement and secularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was La Algarada Caviteña known for?

    <p>It was the first recorded huelga in the Philippines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was B.D. Baluyot known as in the historical context of the Philippines?

    <p>First known indio priest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary theme addressed in Graciano Lopez Jaena's work 'Fray Botod'?

    <p>Critique of ignorance and immorality of Friar Botod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which publication did Marcelo del Pilar found in 1882 that played a significant role in Filipino journalism?

    <p>Diariong Tagalog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How old was Jose Rizal when he wrote 'Sa Aking Kabata'?

    <p>8 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action did the Hispano-Filipino Association achieve in 1893?

    <p>Securing compulsory teaching of Spanish through the Maura Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant work did Jose Rizal publish in 1891, financed by Valentin Ventura?

    <p>El Filibusterismo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lodge was founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena in Barcelona?

    <p>Lodge Revolucion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of La Solidaridad as a publication?

    <p>To serve as a mouthpiece for Filipinos in Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unfortunate fate did Marcelo del Pilar face leading to his death?

    <p>He starved due to lack of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'Father of the Philippine Revolution'?

    <p>Andres Bonifacio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary document that Emilio Jacinto wrote for the Katipunan?

    <p>Kartilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which date marks the founding of the Katipunan?

    <p>July 7, 1892</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original purpose of the Kartilla?

    <p>To act as a primer for the Katipunan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a significant influence on the Katipunan's structure?

    <p>Liga Filipina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many rules did the original Decalogue contain?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which newspaper served as the official publication of the Katipunan?

    <p>Kalayaan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age did Emilio Jacinto become a member of the Katipunan?

    <p>18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurred on August 23 during the series of events in KKK in 1896?

    <p>The Cry of Pugadlawin took place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Acta de Tejeros created by Bonifacio?

    <p>To explain why he declared the election results null and void.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marks the first skirmish between the Spaniards and Katipuneros?

    <p>August 25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What decree did Governor-General Ramon Blanco issue on August 30?

    <p>Declaration of martial law in the 8 provinces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to Bonifacio's arrest in 1897?

    <p>He refused to accept the results of the Tejeros Convention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two articles were included in the printed works by del Pilar in Yokohama?

    <p>Catuiran by Valenzuela and the Manifesto by Jacinto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Tejeros Convention held on March 22, 1897?

    <p>The election results were declared null and void.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event did the Spaniards falsely claim as a victory on August 26?

    <p>The alleged Cry of Balintawak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Spanish Colonial Policies and Labor Systems

    • Polo y Servicio Personal: A forced labor system where men aged 16-60 were obligated to perform community service for the Spanish government for 40 days.
    • Polistas: Workers who were deployed to various tasks like bridge and church construction, infrastructure repair, shipbuilding, and logging.
    • Falla: An exemption fee for polo y servicio, costing 1 ½ reales per day.
    • Encomienda System: A reward system granted by the Spanish crown to Spaniards who aided in the colonization of the Philippines.
    • Encomenderos: Individuals responsible for the protection, education, and indoctrination of natives under their control, granted rights to collect taxes and recruit men for polo y servicios.
    • Types of Encomiendas:
      • Royal or Crown Encomienda: Lands reserved for the Spanish crown, including major towns and ports (e.g., Bagumbayan).
      • Private Encomienda: Granted to individuals who were either the King's protégés or those who served with distinction during conquest and pacification campaigns.

    Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

    • Galleon de Manila or Nao de China: An annual trade route between Manila and Acapulco, operating from 1565-1815.
    • Duration: 200 days from the Philippines to Mexico, 70 days from Mexico to the Philippines.
    • Currency: Piloncitos (first coins, also known as dos mundos or pieces of eight).
    • Effects: Intercultural exchange between the Philippines and America, introduction of valuable flora and fauna.

    Economic Reforms and Monopolies

    • Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais (Economic Society of Friends of the Country): Founded in 1781, aimed to improve the Philippine economy with income-generating monopolies on tobacco, nuts, and liquor.
    • Tobacco Monopoly: Institutionalized by Jose Basco y Vargas in 1782 by royal decree of King Charles III. The government strictly controlled tobacco cultivation and manufacturing, determining which provinces would plant tobacco, planting quantity, and compensation for workers. This significantly boosted government revenue and made the Philippines self-sufficient, even allowing for export to Spain.

    Opening of the Philippines to World Trade (1834-1898)

    • Principalia: Formation of an elite social group composed of gobernadorcillos (town officials) and indio nobility.
    • Spread of Liberal Ideas: Introduction of liberal ideologies through books like "Two Treatises on Government" (John Locke, 1689) and "The Social Contract" (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1762), promoting the idea of overthrowing dissatisfied leaders.
    • Development of Leisure Activities: Establishment of Manila Jockey Club for horseracing, Paco for bullfighting, and theaters (Teatro Filipino-Echague, Quiapo/Circo de Bilibid/Teatro Zorilla-Recto/Teatro de Colon/Teatro de Porvenir). Salon de Pertierra in Escolta was built for movies.
    • New Establishments: Mail service between Manila and Cavite (1839); introduction of postage stamps (1854); Hotel de Oriente, the first hotel in the Philippines (Binondo, 1880s); Fonda de Lala or Fonda Francesca by Lala Ari, the best hotel; Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel III, the first Philippine bank that issued paper money (1852); the first daily newspaper appeared in 1846.
    • Residential Organizations:
      • Intramuros: The walled city, forming the political and religious center of the Spanish enclave.
      • San Miguel: A fashionable district within Quiapo, primarily inhabited by Spaniards and European business tycoons.
      • Sampaloc: A large elite population resided here, known for noted printers.
      • Extramuros: Outside the walls, predominantly inhabited by Filipino, Chinese, and Mestizo communities.
      • Binondo: The business sector of Manila.
      • Quiapo: Residence for Filipino government clerks, artists, and merchants.
      • Tondo: A residential area for the poor.
      • Parian de los Sangleyes: Reserved for unconverted Chinese.

    Early Filipino Nationalist Figures

    • B. D. Baluyot: The first known Filipino priest in 1698.
    • Fr. Pedro Pablo Pelaez and Fr. Mariano Gomez: Trailblazers in the Filipino nationalist movement and secularization.

    La Algarada Caviteña

    • The first recorded huelga (strike) in the Philippines.

    The Ilustrados

    • Sons of wealthy and influential Filipino families.

    The Propagandists

    • Graciano Lopez Jaena:
      • Author of "Fray Botod" (Fat Friar), a satire criticizing the ignorance, abuses, and immorality of the friars.
      • Left for Spain in 1880 to pursue medicine, later transferring to Madrid to study law.
      • Known as a powerful orator and founder of the newspaper Sol.
      • Published "Discursos y Articulos Varios," a compilation of his speeches and articles, in 1891.
      • Died of tuberculosis on January 20, 1896, at the age of 40.
    • Marcelo del Pilar:
      • A political analyst and writer.
      • Founded the newspaper Diariong Tagalog in 1882.
      • Wrote the pamphlet "Caiingat Cayo" under the pen name Dolores Manapat, a response to Fr. Jose Rodriguez’s attack on Rizal and his novel Noli Me Tangere.
      • Also authored Dasalan at Toksohan (a parody of the prayer book) and "10 Commandments of the Friars".
      • Left for Spain in October 1888 and became the editor of Sol in December 1889.
      • Died of hunger on July 4, 1896, at the age of 46.
    • Jose Protacio Realonda Mercado Rizal:
      • Wrote his first poem, "Sa Aking Kabata," at the age of 8.
      • Left for Spain in 1882.
      • Published Noli Me Tangere (The Social Cancer) at the age of 26.
      • Published La Vision de Fr. Rodriguez in 1889.
      • Wrote El Filibusterismo (The Reign of the Greed or The Subversive) with Valentin Ventura as financier in 1891.
      • Returned to the Philippines in 1892, founded La Liga Filipina, and was arrested.
      • Banished to Dapitan on July 7, 1892.
      • Executed by musketry on December 30, 1896.

    Instruments of the Propagandist Movement

    • La Solidaridad: The mouthpiece of Filipino reformists in Spain, financed by Pablo Rianzares Bautista and founded by Jaena, who served as its first editor.
    • Hispano-Filipino Association: Advocated for parliamentary representation and successfully lobbied for the passage of the Maura Law in 1893, requiring compulsory Spanish language instruction in schools.

    Freemasonry and Filipino Nationalism

    • Lodge Revolucion: Founded in Barcelona by Lopez Jaena.
    • Lodge La Solidaridad: Founded in Madrid.
    • Lodge Nilad: Founded in Manila by Serrano Laktaw.
    • Lodge Walana: Where Rosario Villaruel became the first female Freemason.

    The Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution

    • Kataas-taasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK): Founded by Andres Bonifacio along with Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and Deodato Arellano on July 7, 1892.
    • Katipunan Structure: Influenced by the Liga Filipina and Freemasonry, where Bonifacio was a member of Lodge Taliba.
    • Supreme Council: The Katipunan’s governing body with a cabinet.

    Key Figures of the Katipunan

    • Andres Bonifacio: The Father of the Philippine Revolution.
      • Born on November 30, 1863, in Tondo, Manila.
      • Engaged in various occupations, including peddling canes and fans, poster making, working as a clerk/messenger, and an agent.
      • Inspired by Rizal's Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, he also read various books about the French Revolution, law, and history.
      • Married Monica, who died of leprosy.
      • Met and married Gregoria de Jesus in 1893, who became the Lakambini of Katipunan.
      • Died on May 10, 1897, at the age of 34.
    • Emilio Jacinto: The Brains of the Katipunan.
      • Born on December 15, 1875, in Tondo, Manila.
      • Became the youngest member of the KKK at the age of 18.
      • Wrote Kartilla (the Katipunan primer, containing 13 teachings), originally intended to be Bonifacio's Decalogue.
      • Served as editor of Kalayaan (the official Katipunan newspaper).
      • Died on April 16, 1899, at the age of 24.

    Katipunan Documents and Publications

    • Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z.Ll.B.: Rules to be followed by Katipunan members, originally known as the Decalogue with 10 rules.
    • Kalayaan: The Katipunan newspaper, purchased by Candido Iban and Francisco del Castillo from Antonio Salazar for 400 pesos. Jacinto acquired lost types or stole some from Diario de Manila.
      • The first issue was dated January 18, 1896, but was actually released in mid-March.
      • Edited by Marcelo H. del Pilar, printed in Yokohama, and included articles by Jacinto (Dimas-Ilaw) and Bonifacio (Agapito Bagumbayan).
      • The newspaper helped in the recruitment of 30,000 members from an initial 300.

    Key Events in the Katipunan (1896)

    • August 19: Discovery of the KKK, leading Bonifacio and other members to reach Balintawak before midnight.
      • August 21: Bonifacio modified the KKK code.
      • August 22: The Katipuneros proceeded to Pugadlawin.
      • August 23: In the yard of Juan Ramos, they tore their cedulas (the Cry of Pugadlawin).
      • August 24: A decision was made to launch a general attack on Manila on the night of August 29.
      • August 25: The first skirmish between Spaniards and Katipuneros.
      • August 26: The alleged "Cry of Balintawak," a fabricated story created by the Spaniards about a battle they won against the Katipuneros. In reality, they killed two innocent farmers who were mistaken for Katipuneros.
      • August 27: Katipuneros went to Hagdang Bato.
      • August 28: Bonifacio issued a manifesto calling for a united attack against the Spaniards.
      • August 29: Valentin Cruz's “Nagsabado sa Pasig” event.
      • August 30: Katipuneros attacked the powder magazine at San Juan del Monte (Pinaglabanan Shrine), leading to Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco declaring martial law in 8 provinces.

    The Execution and Death of Andres Bonifacio (1897)

    • March 22: The Tejeros Convention, where Katipunan was transformed into a revolutionary republic. Elections were held, but Bonifacio declared the results null and void.
      • March 23: The winners of the Tejeros election took their oaths of office, leading to the creation of the Acta de Tejeros by Bonifacio explaining why he declared the convention results invalid.
      • Naik Military Agreement: Bonifacio organized a separate government from Aguinaldo’s.
      • April 28: Aguinaldo referred Bonifacio’s case (treason and sedition) to the Council of War.
      • April 29: The Council of War personnel was completed and the trial began, concluding on May 4.

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    Impact Of Spanish Colonial Rule PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate labor systems and colonial policies implemented during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines. This quiz covers key elements like Polo y Servicio Personal, the Encomienda System, and the roles of Polistas and Encomenderos. Test your knowledge on how these systems affected local communities and governance.

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