Space Debris Problem
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What was the purpose of the drag sail in the spacecraft?

  • To navigate using cameras and LIDAR
  • To capture debris using a net system
  • To deploy the harpoon for target capture
  • To de-orbit the satellite at the end of the mission (correct)

    • What was the role of the Vision Based Navigation system in the mission?

  • To validate debris-tracking techniques in orbit (correct)
  • To monitor the functioning of the net system
  • To capture debris using a harpoon
  • To deploy the CubeSats as artificial debris targets

    • What was the purpose of releasing the two CubeSats from the main satellite?

  • To deploy the drag sail for de-orbiting
  • To test the functioning of the net system
  • To navigate using cameras and LIDAR
  • To serve as artificial debris targets for capture (correct)

    • What was the outcome of the mission's debris capture techniques?

    <p>The mission successfully captured debris using the net and harpoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of passive forms in Scientific English?

    <p>They are typically used in relative clauses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the harpoon in the spacecraft?

    <p>To capture a specific target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the net system in the spacecraft?

    <p>To capture and trap debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding space debris?

    <p>Collisions between objects creating a cascade effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the ESA Director General, what is the current situation in orbit?

    <p>It cannot be allowed to continue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of developing technologies for debris capture?

    <p>To avoid creating new debris and remove existing debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected outcome if all space launches were halted tomorrow?

    <p>The orbital debris population will continue to grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of developing de-orbiting systems?

    <p>To remove debris from Earth's orbit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the density of objects in low Earth orbit?

    <p>The increased risk of Kessler syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to mitigating space debris?

    <p>Developing technologies to avoid creating new debris and remove existing debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of explosions in orbit, contributing to the space debris problem?

    <p>Left-over energy from fuel and batteries onboard spacecraft and rockets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of regulators in addressing the space debris problem?

    <p>Monitoring the status of space systems and global adherence to debris mitigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Space Safety Programme?

    <p>Improving debris prevention measures through fail-safe technologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend in end-of-mission disposal of spacecraft and rockets?

    <p>Improving at a slow pace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with the increase in space-traffic?

    <p>The increase in space debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of quoting Holger Krag, Head of the Space Safety Programme?

    <p>To take responsibility for the actions being taken to solve the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shift in the tone of the text from the first part to the last part?

    <p>From passive to active structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated cost of protecting satellites from space debris in geostationary orbit?

    <p>5-10% of the total mission costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not taking action to prevent space debris?

    <p>A significant risk of collisions and an ecological tipping point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the automated collision avoidance technology being developed by ESA?

    <p>To make the process of avoiding collisions more efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of microbial transfer when HCWs fail to clean their hands between patient contact?

    <p>Likely to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of enough debris in orbit?

    <p>The Kessler syndrome, leading to an ecological tipping point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the 'automated collision avoidance' technologies in the decision-making process?

    <p>To make decisions on whether a manoeuvre is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of surveillance and tracking in protecting satellites from space debris?

    <p>To assess the risk and likelihood of in-space collisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 'automated collision avoidance' software?

    <p>To improve the decision-making process on whether a manoeuvre is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of having a high amount of debris in low Earth orbits?

    <p>The relative costs per mission could be even higher than 5-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prefix 'h(a)emo-' mean in medical terminology?

    <p>having to do with blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of affixoids in medical terminology?

    <p>to provide semantic content to words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using prefixes and suffixes in medical terminology?

    <p>to provide linguistic economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suffix '-itis' used to form in medical terminology?

    <p>inflammatory diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prefix 'eu-' used to mean in medical terminology?

    <p>good or well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suffix '-ase' used to form in medical terminology?

    <p>names of enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prefix 'auto-' used to mean in medical terminology?

    <p>self or same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of abbreviations in scientific communication?

    <p>To convey complex information concisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word?

    <p>Acronym</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an eponym?

    <p>Bentonite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a word formed by combining parts of two or more words?

    <p>Blending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using affixoids in scientific communication?

    <p>To relate to computer, information, technology, virtual reality, or cyberspace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a word formed by combining two or more bases or stems?

    <p>Compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a clipping?

    <p>Ad or advert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for having two parallel lexical inventories in medical terminology?

    <p>to distinguish between specialized and ordinary communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linguistic feature is characterized by the use of expressions as short as possible?

    <p>Conciseness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of creating new words by combining parts of existing words?

    <p>Blending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using acronyms and initialisms in scientific communication?

    <p>to convey complex information concisely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the absence of emotional associations in scientific language?

    <p>Lack of Connotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using technical words obtained by affixation, compounding, or pre/post-modification?

    <p>their meaning can be inferred from their constituent elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of shortening a word by removing one or more syllables?

    <p>Clipping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of adapting or converting an item to a new word-class without the addition of an affix?

    <p>Conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following languages has contributed extensively to English terminology?

    <p>French</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for foreign words that have adapted to the structures of the recipient language?

    <p>Integrated borrowings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a noun-to-verb conversion?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the resemanticization of terms in different languages starting from corresponding words?

    <p>Parallel word formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an adjective-to-verb conversion?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for words borrowed from foreign sources that follow the phonotactic and spelling organization of the language they are borrowed from?

    <p>Non-integrated borrowings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary direction of lexical material transfer between languages?

    <p>English is a donor of lexical material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of forming new words by adapting existing words to fit new contexts?

    <p>Resemanticization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Space Debris Problem

    • Since the beginning of the space age in 1957, thousands of rockets, spacecraft, and instruments have been launched into space, resulting in a massive amount of space debris.
    • The biggest contributor to the space debris problem is explosions in orbit, caused by leftover energy from fuel and batteries onboard spacecraft and rockets.

    Efforts to Address the Problem

    • The European Space Agency (ESA) is working to develop technologies to prevent debris creation and remove existing debris through its Space Safety Programme.
    • The programme includes a net system to capture and trap debris, a harpoon to capture specific targets, and a drag sail to de-orbit satellites.
    • A Vision-Based Navigation system is used to validate debris-tracking techniques in orbit with cameras and LIDAR.

    Importance of Addressing the Problem

    • If left unchecked, the space debris problem could lead to the "Kessler syndrome", where collisions between objects and debris create a cascade effect, making certain orbits around Earth inhospitable.
    • The cost of inaction would be far greater than the cost of protecting satellites from space debris, which could amount to hundreds of millions of dollars.

    Quotes and Statements

    • "Imagine how dangerous sailing the high seas would be if all the ships ever lost in history were still drifting on top of the water," says ESA Director General Jan Wörner.
    • "We must think of the space environment as a shared and limited natural resource," says ESA Director General Jan Wörner.
    • "We need to develop technologies to avoid creating new debris and removing the debris already up there," says Luisa Innocenti, heading ESA's Clean Space initiative.

    Scientific English and Language Features

    • The use of passive verbs and objective structures is common in scientific texts, particularly when describing processes and procedures.
    • Non-finite verbs can be used to produce hedging and shift the certainty or authenticity to another clause.
    • Modal verbs such as "must", "cannot", and "need" are used to express recommendations or obligations.
    • Epistemic modality expresses possibility and prediction, and modal verbs such as "can" and "may" are used to emphasize possibility or likelihood.

    New Prefixoids and Suffixoids

    • New prefixoids and suffixoids are added, such as -cyber, relating to computer, information, technology, virtual reality, and cyberspace.

    Non-Transparent Lexical Items

    • Eponyms are a category of non-transparent lexical items based on proper names.
    • Eponyms can be created through conversion, derivation, and noun groups.
    • Examples of eponyms include ampère, watt, bentonite, Pythagorean theorem, Parkinson's disease, and Verner's law.

    Abbreviations

    • Abbreviations contribute to the ideal of economy and concision in specialized communication.
    • Initialisms reflect the separate pronunciation of the initial alphabetic letters of the constituent words (e.g., HIV, human immunodeficiency virus).
    • Acronyms are the sequence of initial letters of the constituent words pronounced as a single word (e.g., laser, light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation; REM, rapid eye movement; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
    • Clippings are reductions of longer forms, removing parts of the end of the word (e.g., ad or advert for advertisement), or the beginning (e.g., plane for airplane), or both (e.g., flu for influenza).
    • Blends or blendwords combine parts of two words, usually the first part of one word with the second part of another (e.g., stagnation + inflation = stagflation; smoke + fog = smoke).

    Compounding

    • Compounding is the combination of lexemes into larger words.
    • A compound is a unit consisting of two or more bases or stems.
    • Compounds can be solid (e.g., bloodstream), hyphenated (e.g., flash-guard, half-life), or open (e.g., blood stream, fuel oil).
    • Compounds can be nouns (e.g., heartbeat), adjectives (e.g., lead-free), or verbs (e.g., to brainwash, to fireproof).

    Scientific and Technical Vocabulary

    • Gotti lists 4 distinctive characteristics of scientific and technical vocabulary:
      • Lack of emotion (lack of connotation)
      • Transparency (technical words obtained by affixation, compounding, pre- or post-modification)
      • Conciseness (use of expressions that are as short as possible)
      • Recourse to acronyms, initialisms, blend words, noun strings, and clipping
    • Psychologist suffixes: -ism, added to nouns or adjectives to obtain an abstract noun; -ation, added to a verb to obtain an abstract or collective noun.

    Lexical Constituents Derived from Latin and Greek

    • Recourse is frequently made to lexical constituents derived from Latin and Greek.
    • Amongst prefixes:
      • h(a)emo- / h(a)emato- = having to do with blood
      • hypo- = below, lower than normal
      • hyper- = above, higher than normal
      • eu- = well, good
      • thermo- = heat
      • auto- = self, same
    • Amongst suffixes:
      • -itis, inflammatory disease
      • -oma, tumour
      • -ase, enzyme
      • -ide, chloride
      • -ite, hypochlorite

    Affixoids and Compounds

    • Affixoids are hybrid elements, the denomination is usually extended also to morphemes that are not only prefixes or suffixes, but have a semantic content of their own.
    • Words created by affixoids are similar to compounds.
    • Examples of prefixoids:
      • psich-, concerning the psyche
      • pseudo-, false, pretend
      • self-, oneself, itself (reflexive meaning)
      • cyclo-, occurring in a circle
    • Examples of suffixoids:
      • -phagia, eating
      • -logy, science, discipline
      • -pathy, disease
      • -form, having the form of
      • -graphy, process or styles of writing, drawing, or graphic representation

    Conversion and Borrowing

    • Conversion is a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word-class without the addition of an affix.
    • Examples of conversion:
      • Noun to verb: catalogue (pamphlet), to catalogue
      • Verb to noun: to shut down (to close), shut down (the closing for a time of a factory)
      • Adjective to verb: soundproof (impenetrable to sound), to soundproof (to insulate so as to obstruct the passage of a sound)
    • Borrowing: loanwords and calques
    • Many of the terminological resources are derived from foreign sources, including originally the classical languages.
    • There is a distinction between integrated borrowings and non-integrated borrowings.
    • English has tended to be a donor of lexical material rather than a receiver.

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    Description

    Learn about the history of space exploration and the growing issue of space debris, including the consequences of explosions and collisions in space.

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