Sources of Drugs in Pharmacology

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Questions and Answers

What are the responsibilities of the Food & Drug Administration (FDA)?

Ensuring the safety and efficacy of all drugs and food (correct)

Regulating only food products

Providing health care services

Manufacturing pharmaceuticals

Which of the following correctly defines a generic name of a drug?

A name reflecting the drug's therapeutic effects

The drug’s chemical composition and structure

A registered trademark of the drug

The name given by the United States Adopted Name Council (correct)

What is an example of a pharmacologic class?

Motrin

Ibuprofen

Antihypertensives

Beta-adrenergic blockers (correct)

Which route of administration is associated with a first-pass effect?

Oral Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?

Irritation to gastric mucosa may occur Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'parenteral' refer to in terms of drug administration?

Drug entry that circumvents the GI tract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of enteral routes of drug administration?

They involve placing the drug in the GI tract Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of taking medication orally?

It's usually the most convenient and pain-free Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is derived from animal sources?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of synthetic drugs when compared to natural sources?

They eliminate side effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is primarily used for the prevention of dental cavities?

Fluoride Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Five Rights' in medication administration?

To ensure correct drug administration. Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant is a source of digitalis, used for cardiac disorders?

Foxglove Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about synthetic microbes is true?

They can produce human insulin. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically true regarding opiates derived from the opium poppy?

They are used for pain relief and sedation. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an 'unintended action' of a drug?

It can arise from a lack of specificity in drug action. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of using sublingual or buccal drug administration?

Inconvenience of application Signup and view all the answers

How does the first-pass effect influence the bioavailability of orally administered drugs?

Decreases systemic circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of rectal drug administration?

Consistent absorption for all drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which route of drug administration bypasses the absorption phase completely?

Intravenous Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage associated with intramuscular drug administration?

Potential for pain at the injection site Signup and view all the answers

What is a common drawback of using gastric acid for drug destruction?

Limited effectiveness in emergencies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about parenteral routes is correct?

Intravascular routes ensure immediate drug action Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using rectal administration for drugs?

Variable absorption rates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force for aqueous diffusion across membranes?

Concentration difference Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of endocytosis?

Membrane folding over and surrounding a drug molecule Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes active transport from facilitated transport?

Active transport requires energy, while facilitated transport does not Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about passive diffusion is accurate?

Most drugs cross membranes through passive diffusion driven by concentration gradients. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is primarily transported via endocytosis?

Vitamin A, D, E, and K Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of subcutaneous drug absorption?

Absorption is limited by blood flow. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the absorption of drugs administered via inhalation?

Speed of injection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of time-release preparations?

Ensures compliance by providing extended effect. Signup and view all the answers

Which method of drug administration is likely to avoid first-pass metabolism?

Transdermal absorption. Signup and view all the answers

How do depot preparations primarily achieve prolonged effects?

By utilizing insoluble salts or suspensions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of drugs that are administered via topical routes?

They produce local effects through dermal absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the route of administration (ROA)?

ROA is determined by drug characteristics and absorption speed. Signup and view all the answers

Which absorption mechanism involves the use of energy by the drug?

Active transport. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sources of Drugs

Animals: Insulin, thyroid drugs, and growth hormones are extracted from animal tissue.
Plants: Digitalis, a cardiac drug, comes from foxglove leaves. Opiates for sedation are derived from the opium poppy. Marijuana, despite having some medicinal uses, has no legal medical acceptance.
Minerals/Inorganic Elements:
- Aluminum is used in antacids to neutralize stomach acidity.
- Fluoride is used to prevent dental cavities.
- Iron is used to treat iron deficiency anemia.
- Gold is used for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
Synthetic Products: These drugs are artificially produced or duplicated from naturally occurring substances.
- Benefits include reduced side effects and increased potency. Examples include aspirin and paracetamol.
Synthetic Microbes: Genetic engineering allows for the production of human insulin using altered E. coli bacteria.

Pharmacology Definitions

Pharmacology: The study of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
Toxicology: The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living systems.
Adverse Effect: An unintended action of a drug.

Medication Administration Principles

"Five Rights" of Medication Administration: Right drug, right dose, right time, right route, right patient.

Drug Names

Chemical name: Describes the drug's chemical composition and molecular structure.
Generic name: Nonproprietary name assigned by the United States Adopted Name Council.
Trade name: Proprietary name with a registered trademark, used exclusively by the drug manufacturer.

Drug Grouping

Pharmacologic Class: Groups drugs with similar characteristics.
Therapeutic Class: Groups drugs based on their therapeutic use.

Routes of Drug Administration

Enteral Routes: Drugs are placed directly into the GI tract:
- Sublingual: Under the tongue.
- Oral: Swallowing.
- Rectal: Absorption through the rectum.
Parenteral Routes: Drugs are administered outside the GI tract:
- Intravascular: Directly into the bloodstream (IV, IA).
- Intramuscular (IM): Injected into skeletal muscle.
- Subcutaneous: Absorption from subcutaneous tissues.
- Inhalation: Absorption through the lungs.
- Topical: Mucosal membranes or skin.

Drug Movement Through the Body

Aqueous Diffusion: Movement through body water.
Passive Diffusion: Movement across cell membranes based on concentration gradients.
Active Transport: Requires a carrier molecule and energy.
Facilitated Transport: Requires a carrier but not energy.
Endocytosis: Membrane engulfs the drug and releases it inside the cell.

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Description

Explore the diverse sources of drugs in pharmacology, from animal tissue to plants and minerals. This quiz delves into synthetic products and engineered microbes, highlighting their uses and benefits in medicine. Test your knowledge on how these substances play a role in drug development and therapy.