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Questions and Answers
What are the responsibilities of the Food & Drug Administration (FDA)?
What are the responsibilities of the Food & Drug Administration (FDA)?
- Ensuring the safety and efficacy of all drugs and food (correct)
- Regulating only food products
- Providing health care services
- Manufacturing pharmaceuticals
Which of the following correctly defines a generic name of a drug?
Which of the following correctly defines a generic name of a drug?
- A name reflecting the drug's therapeutic effects
- The drug’s chemical composition and structure
- A registered trademark of the drug
- The name given by the United States Adopted Name Council (correct)
What is an example of a pharmacologic class?
What is an example of a pharmacologic class?
- Motrin
- Ibuprofen
- Antihypertensives
- Beta-adrenergic blockers (correct)
Which route of administration is associated with a first-pass effect?
Which route of administration is associated with a first-pass effect?
What is a disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?
What is a disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration?
What does the term 'parenteral' refer to in terms of drug administration?
What does the term 'parenteral' refer to in terms of drug administration?
Which of the following is a characteristic of enteral routes of drug administration?
Which of the following is a characteristic of enteral routes of drug administration?
What is a primary advantage of taking medication orally?
What is a primary advantage of taking medication orally?
Which of the following drugs is derived from animal sources?
Which of the following drugs is derived from animal sources?
What is a primary benefit of synthetic drugs when compared to natural sources?
What is a primary benefit of synthetic drugs when compared to natural sources?
Which mineral is primarily used for the prevention of dental cavities?
Which mineral is primarily used for the prevention of dental cavities?
What is the purpose of the 'Five Rights' in medication administration?
What is the purpose of the 'Five Rights' in medication administration?
What type of plant is a source of digitalis, used for cardiac disorders?
What type of plant is a source of digitalis, used for cardiac disorders?
Which of the following statements about synthetic microbes is true?
Which of the following statements about synthetic microbes is true?
What is typically true regarding opiates derived from the opium poppy?
What is typically true regarding opiates derived from the opium poppy?
What characterizes an 'unintended action' of a drug?
What characterizes an 'unintended action' of a drug?
What is a significant disadvantage of using sublingual or buccal drug administration?
What is a significant disadvantage of using sublingual or buccal drug administration?
How does the first-pass effect influence the bioavailability of orally administered drugs?
How does the first-pass effect influence the bioavailability of orally administered drugs?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of rectal drug administration?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of rectal drug administration?
Which route of drug administration bypasses the absorption phase completely?
Which route of drug administration bypasses the absorption phase completely?
What is a disadvantage associated with intramuscular drug administration?
What is a disadvantage associated with intramuscular drug administration?
What is a common drawback of using gastric acid for drug destruction?
What is a common drawback of using gastric acid for drug destruction?
Which of the following statements about parenteral routes is correct?
Which of the following statements about parenteral routes is correct?
What is a disadvantage of using rectal administration for drugs?
What is a disadvantage of using rectal administration for drugs?
What is the primary driving force for aqueous diffusion across membranes?
What is the primary driving force for aqueous diffusion across membranes?
Which of the following best describes the process of endocytosis?
Which of the following best describes the process of endocytosis?
What distinguishes active transport from facilitated transport?
What distinguishes active transport from facilitated transport?
Which statement about passive diffusion is accurate?
Which statement about passive diffusion is accurate?
Which of the following substances is primarily transported via endocytosis?
Which of the following substances is primarily transported via endocytosis?
What is one characteristic of subcutaneous drug absorption?
What is one characteristic of subcutaneous drug absorption?
Which factor does NOT influence the absorption of drugs administered via inhalation?
Which factor does NOT influence the absorption of drugs administered via inhalation?
What is the primary advantage of time-release preparations?
What is the primary advantage of time-release preparations?
Which method of drug administration is likely to avoid first-pass metabolism?
Which method of drug administration is likely to avoid first-pass metabolism?
How do depot preparations primarily achieve prolonged effects?
How do depot preparations primarily achieve prolonged effects?
What is a common characteristic of drugs that are administered via topical routes?
What is a common characteristic of drugs that are administered via topical routes?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the route of administration (ROA)?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the route of administration (ROA)?
Which absorption mechanism involves the use of energy by the drug?
Which absorption mechanism involves the use of energy by the drug?
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Study Notes
Sources of Drugs
- Animals: Insulin, thyroid drugs, and growth hormones are extracted from animal tissue.
- Plants: Digitalis, a cardiac drug, comes from foxglove leaves. Opiates for sedation are derived from the opium poppy. Marijuana, despite having some medicinal uses, has no legal medical acceptance.
- Minerals/Inorganic Elements:
- Aluminum is used in antacids to neutralize stomach acidity.
- Fluoride is used to prevent dental cavities.
- Iron is used to treat iron deficiency anemia.
- Gold is used for treating rheumatoid arthritis.
- Synthetic Products: These drugs are artificially produced or duplicated from naturally occurring substances.
- Benefits include reduced side effects and increased potency. Examples include aspirin and paracetamol.
- Synthetic Microbes: Genetic engineering allows for the production of human insulin using altered E. coli bacteria.
Pharmacology Definitions
- Pharmacology: The study of drugs and their effects on living organisms.
- Toxicology: The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living systems.
- Adverse Effect: An unintended action of a drug.
Medication Administration Principles
- "Five Rights" of Medication Administration: Right drug, right dose, right time, right route, right patient.
Drug Names
- Chemical name: Describes the drug's chemical composition and molecular structure.
- Generic name: Nonproprietary name assigned by the United States Adopted Name Council.
- Trade name: Proprietary name with a registered trademark, used exclusively by the drug manufacturer.
Drug Grouping
- Pharmacologic Class: Groups drugs with similar characteristics.
- Therapeutic Class: Groups drugs based on their therapeutic use.
Routes of Drug Administration
- Enteral Routes: Drugs are placed directly into the GI tract:
- Sublingual: Under the tongue.
- Oral: Swallowing.
- Rectal: Absorption through the rectum.
- Parenteral Routes: Drugs are administered outside the GI tract:
- Intravascular: Directly into the bloodstream (IV, IA).
- Intramuscular (IM): Injected into skeletal muscle.
- Subcutaneous: Absorption from subcutaneous tissues.
- Inhalation: Absorption through the lungs.
- Topical: Mucosal membranes or skin.
Drug Movement Through the Body
- Aqueous Diffusion: Movement through body water.
- Passive Diffusion: Movement across cell membranes based on concentration gradients.
- Active Transport: Requires a carrier molecule and energy.
- Facilitated Transport: Requires a carrier but not energy.
- Endocytosis: Membrane engulfs the drug and releases it inside the cell.
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