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Questions and Answers
Which of the following sources are used for drugs? (Select all that apply)
What are the Five Rights of medication administration?
Right drug, Right dose, Right time, Right route, Right patient
All drugs are capable of producing adverse effects.
True
The route of administration (ROA) may have a profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug acts. The two classes of drug entry are ________ and ________.
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What does FDA stand for?
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What is the trade name of Ibuprofen?
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What are beta-adrenergic blockers?
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Which substance is used to replace human chemicals not produced due to disease?
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Which compound is found in Foxglove leaves for treating cardiac disorders?
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The first-pass effect occurs with drugs absorbed orally.
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Study Notes
Sources of Drugs
- Insulin is harvested from cow and pig pancreas tissue
- Thyroid drugs and growth hormones are sourced from animal thyroid and hypothalamus tissue.
- Digitalis, used to treat cardiac disorders, is derived from foxglove leaves.
- Morphine, a natural opiate used for sedation, is extracted from the dried juice of opium poppy seeds.
- Marijuana, containing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is used to prevent nausea and vomiting in cancer patients.
- Aluminium is used as an antacid to reduce gastric acidity.
- Fluoride is used for prevention of dental cavities.
- Iron is used to treat iron deficiency anemia.
- Gold has therapeutic uses in treating rheumatoid arthritis.
- Synthetic products are artificially produced or duplicated substances to eliminate side effects, increase potency and create alternatives to plant/animal/environmental sources.
- Aspirin and paracetamol are examples of synthetic products.
- Genetic engineering can alter DNA, allowing the production of human insulin by modified E. coli bacteria.
Pharmacology
- Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effects of drugs on the body.
- Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects drugs.
- Toxicology is the study of adverse effects of chemicals on living systems.
- The Five Rights of medication administration are: Right drug, Right dose, Right time, Right route, Right patient.
- Adverse drug effects are unintended actions of a drug, occurring due to the lack of specificity of drug action.
- Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of all drugs, medical devices and food products in the United States.
Drug Names and Classification
- Chemical name refers to the drug's chemical composition and molecular structure.
- Generic name (nonproprietary name) is the name assigned to the drug by the United States Adopted Name Council.
- Trade name (proprietary name) is the brand name given to the drug by the manufacturer.
- Ibuprofen is a drug with the chemical name (+/-)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid.
- Motrin is the trade name for Ibuprofen.
- Drugs can be grouped in two categories:
- Pharmacologic Class - drugs that share similar characteristics (e.g. beta-adrenergic blockers)
- Therapeutic Class - groups drugs by therapeutic use (e.g. antihypertensives)
Routes of Drug Administration
- Enteral administration involves placement of drugs directly into the GI tract.
- Parenteral administration involves injection of the drug into the body.
- Sublingual administration refers to placing drugs under the tongue.
- Oral administration is the swallowing of drugs.
- Rectal administration involves absorption through the rectum.
- Oral administration is convenient, allows self-administration, is relatively painless and cost-effective. However, only part of the drug may be absorbed, and it is subject to the "first-pass effect".
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Description
Explore the various sources of drugs used in medicine, including natural extracts from plants and animals, synthetic alternatives, and the role of genetic engineering. This quiz delves into the origins of common medications and their therapeutic applications. Test your knowledge about how these substances contribute to healthcare.
