Source Rock Evaluation Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of organic matter is mainly composed of aliphatic chains?

  • Liptinic Kerogen
  • Marine organic matter
  • Algal Kerogen (correct)
  • Humic or vitrinite

    • What is the preferred C/N ratio for terrestrial organic matter?

  • C/N: 8-15
  • C/N < 5
  • C/N < 8
  • C/N > 20 (correct)

    • Which method is used to determine the maturity of Kerogen in source rocks based on rock composition ratios?

  • Elemental (C/H and C/O) ratios (correct)
  • Pyrolysis: Rock – Eval analysis
  • Percentage of illite in illite-smectite mixed-layer clay mineral
  • Biological methods

    • What type of organic matter is mostly derived from terrestrial plant origin and contains mostly aromatic rings?

    <p>Humic or vitrinite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to evaluate source rock based on the total organic carbon content?

    <p>$TOC$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of C/N ratio for mixed organic matter?

    <p>C/N: 8-15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to determine the maturity of Kerogen in source rocks based on analysis through heat?

    <p>Pyrolysis: Rock – Eval analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic matter has a C/N ratio less than 8?

    <p>Marine organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic matter has a C/N ratio between 8-15?

    <p>Mixed organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to evaluate source rock based on the microscopic examination of organic matter?

    <p>Type of OM Microscopic Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to evaluate source rock based on the microscopic examination of organic matter?

    <p>Rock – Eval analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of C/N ratio for mixed organic matter?

    <p>C/N: &gt; 20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic matter is mostly derived from terrestrial plant origin and contains mostly aromatic rings?

    <p>Humic or vitrinite (terrestrial plant origin mostly aromatic rings)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic matter has a C/N ratio less than 8?

    <p>Marine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to evaluate source rock based on the microscopic examination of organic matter?

    <p>Mineralogical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of C/N ratio for mixed organic matter?

    <p>$C/N: 8-15$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organic matter is mostly derived from terrestrial plant origin and contains mostly aromatic rings?

    <p>Humic or vitrinite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to determine the maturity of Kerogen in source rocks based on analysis through heat?

    <p>Pyrolysis: Rock – Eval analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic matter has a C/N ratio less than 8?

    <p>$C/N &lt; 8$ – Marine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to evaluate source rock based on the total organic carbon content?

    <p>Elemental Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic matter has a C/N ratio greater than 20?

    <p>Terrestrial Kerogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to determine the maturity of Kerogen in source rocks based on rock composition ratios?

    <p>Elemental analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic matter has a C/N ratio between 8-15?

    <p>Mixed Kerogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic matter has a C/N ratio greater than 20?

    <p>Terrestrial Kerogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to evaluate source rock based on the microscopic examination of organic matter?

    <p>Mineralogical methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main support for the inorganic theories of the origin of petroleum?

    <p>The discovery of carbonaceous chondrites containing organic matter and hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who reasoned that metallic carbides deep within Earth reacted with water at high temperatures to form acetylene?

    <p>Mendele've</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Porfir'ev propose about iron carbide and percolating water?

    <p>Iron carbide reacts with percolating water to form methane and other oil hydrocarbons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is favored for the deposition and preservation of organic matter according to organic theory?

    <p>High rate of production of organic matter, anaerobic bottom conditions, and rapid sedimentation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chief reason for the widely accepted biogenic origin of petroleum?

    <p>Geochemical studies supporting the biogenic origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is little evidence for the existence of in the mantle according to the text?

    <p>$FeC_2$ (iron carbide)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical temperature for post-mature sediments in the context of oil generation?

    <p>Above 120°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the amount of oil generated and temperature in the context of oil generation?

    <p>Increases exponentially with temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of kerogen is the best source for oil?

    <p>Type I (algal)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal biological component of living organisms that is insoluble in organic solvents?

    <p>Lignin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organic matter originates when organisms die and decay but accumulates in large quantities in anoxic environments?

    <p>Organic matter (OM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the principal biological components of living organisms according to the text?

    <p>Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, lignin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to calculate the Thermal Maturity Index (TTI) for source rocks?

    <p>Integration of temperature with time spent in each temperature interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the Level Organic Maturation (LOM) index used in evaluating source rocks?

    <p>Assumption that reaction rate doubles for each 10$^ ext{o}$C increment of temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to determine the temperature for maturation evaluation based on chemical paleothermometers?

    <p>Pyrolisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of secondary migration of oil and gas?

    <p>Migration by water drive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor driving the upward migration of oil through carrier beds?

    <p>$H_2O$ and oil density difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the physical requirements for secondary migration of oil and gas?

    <p>Adequate supply of hydrocarbons, continuous migration pathways, pressure gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is used to measure the degree of reflectivity of vitrain in coal maceral?

    <p>Vitrinite reflectance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two commonly used maturation indices for evaluating kerogen maturity?

    <p>Thermal Maturity Index (TTI) and Level Organic Maturation (LOM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trap is formed where the upward flow of petroleum is prevented by impermeability along the fault plane and by an overlying cap or seal?

    <p>Tilted fault-block trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trap is formed where an erosional break in the stratigraphic succession is followed by impermeable strata?

    <p>Unconformity trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of trap is formed by diapirs or volcanic necks, with the reservoir defined by edge water and a piercement contact?

    <p>Piercement trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trap is formed due to changes in reservoir power, with the reservoir partly defined by edge water and partly by a permeability barrier?

    <p>Permeability trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trap is formed by folding in the rocks?

    <p>Anticlinal Trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is essential for a trap to be efficient and commercially viable?

    <p>Imperviousness of the seal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trap is caused by depositional differences between adjacent rock types?

    <p>Stratigraphic Trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process forms structural traps by tectonic deformation, diapirism, gravitational, and compactional processes?

    <p>Tectonic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for a trap to prevent hydrocarbons from rising to the surface and escaping?

    <p>Confined space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes stratigraphic traps?

    <p>Depositional differences between adjacent rock types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms hydrodynamic traps?

    <p>Water flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of structural trap is formed by folding in the rocks?

    <p>Anticlinal Trap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for a trap to be commercially viable?

    <p>Imperviousness of the seal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes hydrodynamic traps?

    <p>Water flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The principal biological components of living organisms are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and lignin.
    • Organic matter (OM) originates when organisms die and decay, but accumulates in large quantities in anoxic environments.
    • Anoxic environments include large anoxic lakes, anoxic silled basins, anoxic layers caused by upwelling, and open-ocean anoxic layers.
    • Productivity and preservation of organic matter are essential for the formation of petroleum source rocks.
    • Total organic carbon (TOC) content is a measure of a source rock's potential to generate petroleum or gas.
    • Organic matter transforms into kerogen as it is buried, and the type of kerogen derived from the source rock influences the quality of the potential hydrocarbon resource.
    • Kerogen is a complex mixture of high molecular weight organic materials that are insoluble in organic solvents.
    • There are four types of kerogen: Type I (algal), Type II (herbaceous), Type III (woody), and Type IV (amorphous).
    • Type I and II kerogen are the best sources for oil and gas, respectively.
    • As kerogen is buried and heated, it undergoes diagenesis, catagenesis, and metagenesis, resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons and other products.
    • The temperature and residence time are essential factors in determining the oil generation potential of a source rock.
    • The oil window is a concept that describes the range of temperatures through which oil generation can occur.
    • Immature sediments have temperatures below 60°C, while post-mature sediments have temperatures above the critical temperature (approximately 120°C).
    • The younger the source, the higher the temperature required to generate oil.
    • The amount of oil generated increases linearly with time and exponentially with temperature.
    • The concept of the oil window introduces the idea that both time and temperature are critical factors in oil generation.

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    Related Documents

    Source Rock PDF
    Chapter 7 Origin and Migration of Petroleum PDF
    Chapter 8_Trapping Structure and Seal Systems PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about source rock evaluation methods including criteria for good source rock, organic matter requirements, preservation, and evaluation techniques like total organic carbon and elemental analysis.

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