Petroleum Engineering: Generation and Migration
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of a typical 'source rock' is composed of organic matter?

  • 1% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 20%
  • 5%

    • What type of terrestrial organisms are commonly found in sedimentary deposits and can contribute to the formation of petroleum?

  • Woody debris from rivers and swamps
  • Freshwater fish
  • Wind-blown spores and pollen (correct)
  • marine algae

    • What process, which started 4 billion years ago, has built up an atmosphere rich in oxygen?

  • Erosion of rocks on land
  • Primary organic production near the equator
  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • Upwelling of nutrient-rich water from the bottom of the sea

    • What is the primary source of nutrition for all other marine life in the oceans?

    <p>Phytoplankton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary requirement for organic matter to form a source rock?

    <p>Preservation in sediment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of Foraminifera shells?

    <p>Calcium carbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total production of organic material in the world's oceans per year?

    <p>5×1010 tones/year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of organic matter being deposited in sedimentary environments?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor controlling primary biological productivity in terrestrial environments?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to organisms after they have died in the ocean?

    <p>They decay and release nutrients at greater depths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pelagic gastropods that contribute to the formation of petroleum?

    <p>Pteropods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of nutrients for organic production in the oceans?

    <p>Erosion of rocks on land</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to organic matter when it is left at or near the sediment–water interface for a long time?

    <p>It is highly degraded or totally destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a high sedimentation rate when the oxic/anoxic boundary is at or just below the sediment–water interface?

    <p>Oxidation and biologic activity are limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of anoxic bottom waters on biological activity?

    <p>It limits biological activity to anaerobic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal condition for the preservation of organic matter and the formation of source rocks?

    <p>Anoxic water column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the organic matter content increase with decreasing grain size?

    <p>Due to the influence of grain size on the development of anoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between grain size and organic matter content in the Viking shale of western Canada?

    <p>As grain size decreases, organic matter content increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition for a theory of petroleum genesis to be considered valid?

    <p>Explaining both geological and chemical observations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pratt (1942), where are hydrocarbons most abundant and widely distributed?

    <p>In sedimentary rocks of shallow water origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hydrocarbon accumulations in sandstone and limestone reservoirs?

    <p>They are totally enclosed above, below, and laterally by permeable rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a geological occurrence that should be considered in the study of petroleum genesis?

    <p>Traces of indigenous hydrocarbons in igneous and metamorphic rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about commercial accumulations of hydrocarbons in basement rocks?

    <p>They are always in lateral fluid continuity with sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of major accumulations of hydrocarbons?

    <p>They occur primarily in sedimentary rocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has substituted for oxygen in the cross-linking in the kerogen structure in anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Sulfur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of kerogen formation is linked to hypersaline conditions in the depositional environment?

    <p>Type I-S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Type III-S kerogen?

    <p>High atomic S/C ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do most source rocks contain mixtures of two or more types of kerogen?

    <p>Due to seasonal variation and climate cycles during deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common mixture of kerogen types found in source rocks?

    <p>Type I and Type III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of diagenetic sulfurization using abundant sulfate?

    <p>Formation of Type I-S kerogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

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