Petroleum Engineering: Generation and Migration
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of a typical 'source rock' is composed of organic matter?

  • 1% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 20%
  • 5%

What type of terrestrial organisms are commonly found in sedimentary deposits and can contribute to the formation of petroleum?

  • Woody debris from rivers and swamps
  • Freshwater fish
  • Wind-blown spores and pollen (correct)
  • marine algae

What process, which started 4 billion years ago, has built up an atmosphere rich in oxygen?

  • Erosion of rocks on land
  • Primary organic production near the equator
  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • Upwelling of nutrient-rich water from the bottom of the sea

What is the primary source of nutrition for all other marine life in the oceans?

<p>Phytoplankton (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for organic matter to form a source rock?

<p>Preservation in sediment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of Foraminifera shells?

<p>Calcium carbonate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate total production of organic material in the world's oceans per year?

<p>5×1010 tones/year (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of organic matter being deposited in sedimentary environments?

<p>Deposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor controlling primary biological productivity in terrestrial environments?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to organisms after they have died in the ocean?

<p>They decay and release nutrients at greater depths (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pelagic gastropods that contribute to the formation of petroleum?

<p>Pteropods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of nutrients for organic production in the oceans?

<p>Erosion of rocks on land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to organic matter when it is left at or near the sediment–water interface for a long time?

<p>It is highly degraded or totally destroyed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a high sedimentation rate when the oxic/anoxic boundary is at or just below the sediment–water interface?

<p>Oxidation and biologic activity are limited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of anoxic bottom waters on biological activity?

<p>It limits biological activity to anaerobic organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal condition for the preservation of organic matter and the formation of source rocks?

<p>Anoxic water column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the organic matter content increase with decreasing grain size?

<p>Due to the influence of grain size on the development of anoxia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between grain size and organic matter content in the Viking shale of western Canada?

<p>As grain size decreases, organic matter content increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary condition for a theory of petroleum genesis to be considered valid?

<p>Explaining both geological and chemical observations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Pratt (1942), where are hydrocarbons most abundant and widely distributed?

<p>In sedimentary rocks of shallow water origin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of hydrocarbon accumulations in sandstone and limestone reservoirs?

<p>They are totally enclosed above, below, and laterally by permeable rocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a geological occurrence that should be considered in the study of petroleum genesis?

<p>Traces of indigenous hydrocarbons in igneous and metamorphic rocks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about commercial accumulations of hydrocarbons in basement rocks?

<p>They are always in lateral fluid continuity with sedimentary rocks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of major accumulations of hydrocarbons?

<p>They occur primarily in sedimentary rocks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has substituted for oxygen in the cross-linking in the kerogen structure in anaerobic conditions?

<p>Sulfur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of kerogen formation is linked to hypersaline conditions in the depositional environment?

<p>Type I-S (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Type III-S kerogen?

<p>High atomic S/C ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do most source rocks contain mixtures of two or more types of kerogen?

<p>Due to seasonal variation and climate cycles during deposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common mixture of kerogen types found in source rocks?

<p>Type I and Type III (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of diagenetic sulfurization using abundant sulfate?

<p>Formation of Type I-S kerogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Source rock composition

Typically, source rocks are composed of 1% organic matter.

Common terrestrial organisms

Wind-blown spores and pollen contribute to petroleum formation.

Photosynthesis

Process that built an oxygen-rich atmosphere starting 4 billion years ago.

Primary marine nutrition source

Phytoplankton serve as the primary food source for marine life.

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Organic matter preservation

Organic matter must be preserved in sediment to form source rocks.

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Foraminifera shells

Mainly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

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Oceanic organic material production

The world's oceans produce about 5×10^10 tons of organic material annually.

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Organic matter deposition

Depositional process where organic matter settles in sedimentary environments.

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Factors in terrestrial productivity

All factors combined control primary biological productivity in land environments.

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Decay of ocean organisms

After organisms die, they decay and release nutrients at deeper ocean levels.

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Pelagic gastropods

Pteropods are pelagic gastropods that help form petroleum.

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Nutrient source for oceans

Erosion of land-based rocks is the primary nutrient source for organic ocean production.

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Organic matter degradation

Organic matter near the sediment-water interface can highly degrade or be destroyed over time.

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High sedimentation effects

High sedimentation rates limit oxidation and biological activity at the boundary.

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Anoxic bottom waters impact

Anoxic waters limit biological activity to only anaerobic organisms.

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Ideal organic preservation conditions

Anoxic conditions in the water column are ideal for preserving organic matter.

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Grain size and organic matter

Organic matter content increases as grain size decreases due to anoxia.

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Grain size in Viking shale

In Viking shale, smaller grain sizes correlate with higher organic matter content.

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Valid petroleum theory conditions

A valid petroleum genesis theory must explain both geological and chemical observations.

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Hydrocarbons in shallow water

Pratt (1942) states hydrocarbons are abundant in shallow water sedimentary rocks.

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Hydrocarbon accumulation reservoirs

Major hydrocarbon accumulations need to be enclosed by permeable rocks.

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Indigenous hydrocarbons

Trails of indigenous hydrocarbons appear in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

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Commercial hydrocarbons in basement rocks

Commercial accumulations in basement rocks are always fluidly continuous with sedimentary rocks.

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Hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics

Hydrocarbons primarily accumulate in sedimentary rocks.

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Anaerobic kerogen conditions

In anaerobic conditions, sulfur replaces oxygen in kerogen structure cross-linking.

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Type I-S kerogen

Type I-S kerogen forms under hypersaline conditions in environments.

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Type III-S kerogen

Characterized by a high atomic S/C ratio.

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Mixture of kerogen types

Most source rocks contain mixtures of two or more kerogen types due to seasonal and climate variations.

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Common kerogen mixtures

Source rocks typically contain Type I and Type III kerogen mixtures.

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Diagenetic sulfurization result

Diagenetic sulfurization with abundant sulfate results in the formation of Type I-S kerogen.

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