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Questions and Answers
Air will move from an area of high pressure to an area of ______ pressure.
Air will move from an area of high pressure to an area of ______ pressure.
lower
______ pressure is the difference in pressure which causes air to flow from higher to lower pressure.
______ pressure is the difference in pressure which causes air to flow from higher to lower pressure.
driving
______ flow occurs when air molecules flow smoothly in a parallel manner and at the same speed.
______ flow occurs when air molecules flow smoothly in a parallel manner and at the same speed.
laminar
According to Boyle’s Law, as volume decreases, the ______ of air increases, given a constant air temperature.
According to Boyle’s Law, as volume decreases, the ______ of air increases, given a constant air temperature.
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The amount of mass per unit volume is ______.
The amount of mass per unit volume is ______.
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Sound has no weight, substance, or ______
Sound has no weight, substance, or ______
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Sound is the propagation of a pressure wave in space and time through a ______
Sound is the propagation of a pressure wave in space and time through a ______
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Anything that vibrates can be a ______ of sound.
Anything that vibrates can be a ______ of sound.
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The branch of physics dealing with the generation, transmission, and modification of sound waves is ______.
The branch of physics dealing with the generation, transmission, and modification of sound waves is ______.
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The speed of sound depends on the properties of the ______.
The speed of sound depends on the properties of the ______.
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______ is the rigidity and deformation characteristics of a medium.
______ is the rigidity and deformation characteristics of a medium.
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The speed of sound in the air is approximately 1100 ______.
The speed of sound in the air is approximately 1100 ______.
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______ is the mass of a substance per volume.
______ is the mass of a substance per volume.
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A less dense gas will have a ______ velocity compared to a more dense gas.
A less dense gas will have a ______ velocity compared to a more dense gas.
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Warmer air molecules have more energy, thus transmitting sound vibrations more ______.
Warmer air molecules have more energy, thus transmitting sound vibrations more ______.
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Collisions of air molecules produce ______.
Collisions of air molecules produce ______.
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______ is a force that acts perpendicularly on a surface.
______ is a force that acts perpendicularly on a surface.
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Pressure is calculated by the force exerted and the ______ area.
Pressure is calculated by the force exerted and the ______ area.
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Pounds per square inch is abbreviated as ______.
Pounds per square inch is abbreviated as ______.
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In the MKS system, force is measured in ______.
In the MKS system, force is measured in ______.
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Air pressure at sea level is about 14.7 ______.
Air pressure at sea level is about 14.7 ______.
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Temperature and air pressure are ______ proportional.
Temperature and air pressure are ______ proportional.
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Temperature and volume are ______ proportional.
Temperature and volume are ______ proportional.
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Temperature and density are ______ proportional.
Temperature and density are ______ proportional.
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The relatively constant pressure around us at any time is called ______ pressure.
The relatively constant pressure around us at any time is called ______ pressure.
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The leading edge of an energy wave is known as the ______ front.
The leading edge of an energy wave is known as the ______ front.
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______ is the resulting increased density which leads to increased pressure.
______ is the resulting increased density which leads to increased pressure.
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______ is the resulting decreased density of air, resulting in lower pressure.
______ is the resulting decreased density of air, resulting in lower pressure.
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______ refers to an object springing back to its resting position.
______ refers to an object springing back to its resting position.
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Inertia causes molecules to ______ their resting position.
Inertia causes molecules to ______ their resting position.
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Due to the ______ of air molecules, their motion decreases each time they swing back and forth.
Due to the ______ of air molecules, their motion decreases each time they swing back and forth.
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______ is the reduction of amplitude over time.
______ is the reduction of amplitude over time.
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When two masses are ______, their motions can synchronize.
When two masses are ______, their motions can synchronize.
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The clocks of ______ were observed to synchronize in 1665.
The clocks of ______ were observed to synchronize in 1665.
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A sound wave with a consistent cycle time is called a ______ wave.
A sound wave with a consistent cycle time is called a ______ wave.
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A wave with variable cycle times is called an ______ wave.
A wave with variable cycle times is called an ______ wave.
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A ______ is a picture of a sound wave.
A ______ is a picture of a sound wave.
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Study Notes
Sound
- Sound has no mass, substance, or weight
- Sound is a set of movements, vibrations, disturbances, or perturbations
- Sound is transferred continuously
- Sounds are invisible
- Sound is usually complex
- Sound is the propagation of a pressure wave in space and time through a medium
Sound System
- A source is anything that vibrates
- A medium is anything with molecules
- A receiver is anything that can detect vibrations
Metaphysics of Sound
- An important aspect of sound is detection of vibrations from a source that moves through a medium.
- Brains are important detectors of sound for people.
Acoustics
- Acoustics is a branch of physics dealing with the creation, transmission, and modification of sound waves.
Speed of Sound
- Propagation velocity depends on medium properties.
- Elasticity (rigidity, deformation characteristics) influences sound speed; higher elasticity results in faster speed.
- Absorption of energy also affects speed; higher elasticity leads to faster speed.
- Hooke's Law: stress is negatively proportional to strain (stress ∝ -strain).
- Young's Modulus is the ratio of stress to strain (GPa).
Air Pressure Behavior
- Air is made up of various chemical molecules.
- These molecules are constantly moving in random patterns (Brownian motion/Drunkard's walk/random walk).
- Molecules move at high speeds.
- Collisions between molecules and other objects produce pressure.
- Brownian motion: Random movement due to small collisions with other particles.
- Air pressure is a force perpendicular to a surface.
Measurement of Air Pressure
- Pressure is calculated using force (Newtons, dynes, kilopounds, pounds) divided by surface area (square foot, square meter, square inch, etc.).
- Units of pressure include PSI (pounds per square inch), Pa (Pascals), N/m2, dynes/cm2, mmHg.
- Dynes/cm2 is used to measure pressure needed to move the eardrum.
- Pounds per square inch (psi) measures larger amounts of force over larger surfaces.
Physical Acoustics/Movement of Air
- Air tends to spread out and will move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
- Flow measures are given in volume per unit time (e.g. liters per second or minute).
Changes in Pressure
- Ambient pressure (Pam) is the relatively constant pressure surrounding us.
- Sound is generated when a force disturbs ambient pressure. (e.g., Striking a tuning fork).
Wave Motion
- Sound involves vibration and changes in air pressure.
- These vibrations spread spherically.
- The leading edge of a sound wave is the wave front.
- Compression causes increases in density and pressure during a vibration.
- Rarefaction causes decreases in density and pressure.
Elasticity and Inertia
- Air molecules move to a resting position.
- Elasticity is the restoring force that returns an object to its original state after being deformed.
- Elasticity applies to solids, liquids, and gases.
- Inertia is the resistance to changes in motion.
- Hooke's Law states that elasticity is proportional to displacement and in the opposite direction.
Damping
- Frictional resistance in air causes the amplitude of a vibration to decrease over time (damping).
- The amount of force acting on a swing will be the same.
Coupled Oscillators
- Coupled oscillators are two or more oscillators that interact with each other.
- Synchronizing phenomena can occur, such as two clocks on a wall synchronizing, or in biological cycles such as a heart beat.
Frequency and Period
- Frequency is the number of cycles of vibration or pressure changes per second (Hertz).
- The period is the time taken for one complete cycle of vibration.
- Wavelength is the distance between wave fronts, measured in meters.
Waveforms
- A waveform is a visual representation of a sound wave.
- Amplitude is measured on the y-axis (vertical).
- Time is measured on the x-axis (horizontal).
- 'Period' is the time to complete one full cycle.
Complex Waves
- Complex waves are regular and repeating, with a fundamental frequency and harmonics.
- Aperiodic waves have no repeating pattern, no fundamental frequency, and no harmonics.
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Description
Explore the fundamental principles of sound, its propagation, and the role of mediums in the transmission of sound waves. This quiz delves into the physics of sound, including its metaphysical aspects and the factors affecting sound speed. Perfect for students interested in acoustics and sound science.
