Questions and Answers
What is the meaning behind the oneness of Allah (Tawid)?
It emphasizes that Allah is unique and not depicted in any mosque, using calligraphy instead.
What does Fiqh refer to?
The theory or philosophy behind Islamic law based on the Quran and traditions of the Prophet.
A’isha is accused of adultery in the Quran.
True
One of the major principles in promoting and securing benefits in the public sphere is known as ___
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What is the Islamic stance on euthanasia?
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What does the principle of necessity (Darura) allow Muslims to do?
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What is the term for Islamic legal rulings given by a recognized authority?
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Which of the following is considered permissible regarding abortion in Islam?
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Organ donation is completely permissible in Islam.
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What does compassion refer to in Islam?
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Match the following Islamic terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following is a characteristic of animism?
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Polytheism is the belief in one God.
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What is monotheism?
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Which of the following is NOT a major reason for the significance of religion in human history?
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What percentage of the global population practices Christianity?
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What is a characteristic of new religious expressions?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What was the primary role of Paul of Tarsus in early Christianity?
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The Council of Jerusalem decided that Gentile Christians must adhere to the Mosaic law.
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What does 'Sola Fide' mean?
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Which symbol in baptism represents the Holy Spirit?
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What is the significance of baptism in Christianity?
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What is the first pilgrimage in Islam called?
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A’isha Bint Abu Bakr was the wife of Muhammad and performed all five pillars of Islam.
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Study Notes
Religion and Non-Religion
- Animism: Belief that natural objects possess souls and are sacred, deserving respect.
- Polytheism: Worship of multiple gods, each representing different aspects of life.
- Monotheism: Faith in one omnipresent and omnipotent God, establishing moral codes.
Significance of the Religious Dimension
- Provides meaning and purpose, addressing existential questions.
- Fosters social cohesion, linking communities through shared beliefs.
- Can instigate social transformation, critiquing existing structures.
Global Distribution of Major Religious Traditions
- Christianity: 31%
- Islam: 23%
- Hinduism: 15%
- Buddhism: 6%
- Judaism: 0.22%
New Religious Expression
- Search for Fulfillment: Individuals seek personal and relaxing spiritual practices distinct from traditional religions.
- Ethical Guidance: Desire for a moral compass that aligns with contemporary ethics.
- Community Relationships: Foster meaningful connections and societal contributions.
Growth of New Religious Expressions (NRE)
- Materialism: People derive meaning from material goods, driven by consumerism and individualism.
- Scientific Progress: Advances in science diminish the need for traditional religious explanations.
- Ecological Concerns: NRE promotes stewardship of the Earth and a simpler lifestyle.
- Disenchantment: Traditional worship perceived as dull and not in tune with modern life.
Non-Religious Worldviews
- Atheism: Disbelief in God or any transcendent being; lacks organized principles.
- Agnosticism: Neither belief nor disbelief; claims cannot be proved or disproved.
- Rational Humanism: Ethical judgment derived from human experience rather than divine command.
- Scientific Humanism: Humans as the ultimate authority, emphasizing scientific discovery for solutions.
Differences Between Religious and Non-Religious Worldviews
- Transcendence: Christianity embraces God and afterlife; humanism rejects it.
- Human Value: Christianity views humans as created in God’s image; humanism sees them as products of evolution.
- Social Responsibility: Christians base social responsibility on divine law; humanists focus on earthly existence.
Depth Study 1 - Christianity
- Paul of Tarsus: Key figure, prolific writer of Christian theology, instrumental in early church formation.
Contributions of Paul
- Council of Jerusalem: Clarified that gentile Christians need not follow Jewish laws, replacing circumcision with baptism.
- Missionary Journeys: Spread Christianity through significant journeys across Europe and the Mediterranean.
- Writings: Authored foundational texts that outline core Christian beliefs and doctrines.
Impact of Paul
- Theology: Promoted concepts like Sola Fide (faith alone) and agape (unconditional love).
- Ethics: Established moral guidelines, influencing teachings on secular laws and meekness.
- Christian Traditions: Allowed for the evolution of new traditions away from Jewish laws.
Environmental Ethics
- Agape: Seen as the fulfillment of the law, emphasizing love over strict adherence.
- Sola Fide: Central belief of salvation through faith, underscored by Paul's writings.
- Stewardship: Ethical responsibility for the environment rooted in Biblical teachings about creation.
- Creation as Revelation: Understanding God's qualities through nature promotes environmental stewardship.
Significant Practice: Baptism
- Rite of Initiation: Cleanses original sin; considered the entry point to the Christian community.
- Ritual Structure: Includes instruction, repentance, commitment, and baptism using a Trinitarian formula.
Baptism Symbols
- Cross: Represents protection and belonging to Christ.
- Holy Water: Sign of purity and divine life.
- Oil: Symbolizes the Holy Spirit's gifts.
- White Clothing: Indicates purity and being free from sin.
- Dove: Represents the Holy Spirit.
Expressions of Christian Beliefs Through Baptism
- Death and Resurrection: Symbolizes the believer's union with Christ's death and resurrection.
- Expression of Trinity: Baptism performed in the name of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
- Salvation: Turning from sin, emphasizing belief in grace as necessary for salvation.
Hajj (Depth Study 2)
- Ihram: Ritual cleansing and wearing white garments, representing purity.
- Tawaf: Circling the Kaaba as a form of submission to Allah.
- Wuquf: Day of repentance on the plains of Arafat.
- Jamarat: Representing expulsion of sins through symbolic stone throwing.
Significant Figure: A’isha Bint Abu Bakr
- Quranic Exegesis: A’isha's interpretations have shaped Islamic understanding.
- Fiqh Contributions: A’isha's rulings are foundational to Sharia law and address issues like adultery.
A’isha’s Continuing Impact
- Clarified misconceptions about the nature of God in early Islam.
- Influenced Islamic legal frameworks through her knowledge of the Quran and her role in the development of jurisprudence.### Islamic Bioethics
- Ijtihad: Independent legal reasoning used to resolve questions in Islamic law.
- Fatwa: Official ruling provided by a recognized authority on Islamic legal matters.
- Taqlid: Adhering to previous legal rulings without independent reasoning.
- Mufti: An Islamic jurist qualified to issue non-binding legal opinions.
- Ulama: Scholars in Islam, knowledgeable in religious and legal matters.
Bioethical Principles
- Common Good: Life is viewed as paramount; preserving it is a core ethical concern in Islam.
- Ethical Decision Making: Involves factors such as the Qur'an, Sunnah, Hadith, scholarly interpretation, and Qiyas (analogical reasoning).
- Istislah: Principle aimed at promoting public benefits and preventing harm.
- Maslaha: Promoting common good is a fundamental aim.
Key Bioethical Issues
- Euthanasia: Regarded as suicide, a major sin in Islam; all life is sacred, and only Allah has the right to take it away.
- Abortion: Generally impermissible unless under extreme circumstances (e.g. rape); permissible within specific gestational limits (before 40 days and under pressing matters beyond 120 days).
Additional Ethical Standards
- Principle of Necessity (Darura): Allows deviations from prohibited actions to prevent harm or achieve communal benefit.
- Purity of Intention (Ikhlas Al Niyah): Requires sincere motives behind actions; intentions must align with actions.
- Organ Donation: Permissible to donate organs if it does not harm the donor; viewed as an act of charity unless it involves reproductive organs.
Christianity and Inner Peace
- Fidelity: Faithfulness to divine commands enhances inner peace; exemplified by encouragement to foster relationships with God.
- Self Compassion: Loving oneself is essential for spiritual health; adherents must seek self-acceptance.
- Forgiveness: Central to Christian teachings; releasing resentment is vital for peace.
Christianity and World Peace
- Pacifism: Emphasizes non-violence; “Peacemakers are blessed,” promoting a path of peace.
- Agape: Unconditional love for others reflects God's love for humanity; emphasized in community outreach.
- Mercy: Importance of nurturing and forgiveness, seen as essential to fostering peace.
Islam and Inner Peace
- Greater Jihad: Spiritual struggle against base desires; constant effort needed to align actions with God’s will.
- Submission: Total surrender to Allah’s will; central to achieving peace through faithfulness.
- Taqwa: Mindfulness and consciousness of God guide adherents toward righteous living.
Islam and World Peace
- Compassion: Integral aspect of behavior towards others; adherents are encouraged to serve compassionately.
- Justice: Essential duty to ensure fairness and justice for all individuals, even in conflict situations.
Essay Framework
- Inner Peace: Explores teachings of Jihad and Submission as means to personal fulfillment and commitment to God.
- Community Guidance: Usage of sacred texts promotes communal harmony and peace within the wider context of Islamic teachings.
- Role of Organizations: Institutions like the Lebanese Muslim Association play a crucial role in facilitating spiritual journeys and ethical conduct among adherents.
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Description
Explore key concepts in the study of religion, including animism, polytheism, and monotheism. This quiz will challenge your understanding of how these beliefs express the religious dimension in human history. Ideal for students engaging with SOR2 material.
