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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of animism?

  • Belief in multiple deities, each with specific domains or responsibilities.
  • The practice of offering sacrifices to appease ancestors or gods.
  • Belief in a single, all-powerful deity.
  • Belief that spirits reside in natural objects and phenomena. (correct)

    • What is the primary function of a shaman in a religious context?

  • To interpret religious texts and dictate the dogma of their faith.
  • To perform ritualistic sacrifices, fulfilling obligations of the cult.
  • To act as a spiritual healer and intermediary, communicating with spirits. (correct)
  • To construct grand places of worship and guide collective ceremonies.

    • Which of the following best defines the concept of 'taboo'?

  • A religious text that is considered sacred and teaches moral lessons.
  • A customary practice or ceremony that celebrates the harvest.
  • A system for managing conflicts within a religious group.
  • An action or word restricted by social and religious customs. (correct)

    • What is the defining characteristic of totemic belief systems?

    <p>A belief in a connection between humans and a natural entity, like an animal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of a cult?

    <p>Open public discussion of their beliefs and practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dogma within the context of religious or group practices?

    <p>A system of beliefs that must be accepted unconditionally by members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle behind naturism as described in the content?

    <p>The belief in living in harmony with nature and respecting the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an agnostic viewpoint?

    <p>The stance that the existence or non-existence of God may be unknown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the laity within the Church?

    <p>To be non-ordained members who participate in the Church's mission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Synoptic Gospel Hypothesis?

    <p>It suggests that Matthew, Mark and Luke are based upon a common source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these festivals is observed as a period of preparation for Christmas?

    <p>Advent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered one of the seven sacraments in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches?

    <p>Penance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Ka'ba in Islam?

    <p>It is a central place of worship which Muslims face during prayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were early Christians persecuted under the Roman Empire?

    <p>Because they refused to worship Roman gods and the emperor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a fundamental difference between the Sunni and Shia branches of Islam?

    <p>The Sunni believe the leader should be chosen by the community, while the Shia believe the leader should be a descendant of Muhammad.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Wudu' refer to in Islam?

    <p>The ritual washing before prayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symbol is associated with Jesus' crucifixion and the concept of salvation?

    <p>The Cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the understanding most Protestant faiths have on sacraments?

    <p>They recognize only two sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist (Communion).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of Brahman in Hinduism?

    <p>The ultimate reality or universal soul.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Trimurti in Hinduism is comprised of which three deities?

    <p>Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines the term 'Shruti' in Hinduism?

    <p>Texts that are revealed or heard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Mahatma Gandhi use to refer to the untouchables, and what does it mean?

    <p>Harijans, which means 'Children of God'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of Nirvana?

    <p>Liberation from the cycle of reincarnation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of yoga discussed?

    <p>Tantra Yoga.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Hindu deity is known as the remover of obstacles and god of wisdom?

    <p>Ganesha.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the meaning of 'ahimsa'?

    <p>Non-violence toward all living things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Ganges River to Hindu people?

    <p>It is considered sacred and is used for spiritual cleansing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Buddhist concept of 'Anatta'?

    <p>The doctrine of no soul or permanent self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Theravada Buddhism, what is an 'arhat'?

    <p>A person who has achieved enlightenment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a 'Koan' in Buddhism?

    <p>To challenge logical thinking and promote insight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary cause of the Great Schism in 1054?

    <p>Disagreements over the papacy and practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'infallibility' refer to in the context of the Catholic Church?

    <p>The belief that the Pope is free from error when teaching on faith and morals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main point of protest during the Protestant Reformation?

    <p>Martin Luther's disagreements about indulgences and corruption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unit 1: The Nature of Religion

    • Church: A building for public worship, primarily Christian.
    • Prehistoric Religion Characteristics:
      • Animism: Belief in spirits in objects/animals/nature.
      • Polytheism: Belief in many gods.
      • Rituals: Ceremonies honoring gods/spirits/ancestors.
      • Sacrifice: Offerings to gods/spirits.
      • Totemism: Mystical connection to animals/natural elements.
      • Shamanism: Belief in spiritual healers.
      • Burial Practices: Rites for the dead, honoring ancestors.
    • Monotheism: Belief in one god.
    • Polytheism: Belief in multiple gods.
    • Agnostic: Belief that God's existence is unknown.
    • Morality: Principles guiding right and wrong.
    • Taboo: Social/religious prohibition, forbidding some practices or relationships.
    • Totemism: Belief of kinship with spirit-beings (e.g. animal/plant).
    • Cult Characteristics:
      • Strong leadership (charismatic).
      • Exclusive beliefs (unique truths).
      • Isolation (from outside world).
      • Devotion (high commitment/sacrifice).
      • Manipulation (emotional/psychological).
      • Control (of behavior/thoughts).
      • Secretive practices.
    • Shamanism: A religious practice system.
    • Animism: Doctrine that every natural thing has a soul.
    • Cult Attracts: Vulnerable people.
    • Dogma: Official beliefs.
    • Naturism: Belief in harmony with nature; respect & simple living.
    • Cult Recruitment: Pretending to be legitimate organization, using social media, discussions, groups, or events.

    Unit 2: Hinduism

    • Brahman: Ultimate reality (universal soul).
    • Trimurti: Three main gods (creation, preservation, destruction).
      • Brahma: The creator.
      • Vishnu: The preserver.
      • Shiva: The destroyer/transformer.
    • Shruti: Revealed texts (Vedas).
    • Smriti: Remembered texts (epics).
    • Upanishads: Philosophical texts on soul and Brahman.
    • Untouchables: Lowest caste, facing discrimination; called Harijans by Gandhi – meaning "children of God."
    • Nirvana: Liberation from reincarnation.
    • Yoga Types:
      • Bhakti Yoga: Devotion and love for a deity.
      • Karma Yoga: Selfless action.
      • Jnana Yoga: Knowledge and wisdom.
      • Raja Yoga: Meditation and mental discipline.
    • Ganesha: Elephant-headed god of wisdom and obstacles.
    • Durga: Goddess of strength and protection.
    • Diwali: Festival of lights (victory over evil).
    • Holi: Festival of colors (love and spring).
    • Ahimsa: Non-violence to all living things.
    • Asceticism: Self-denial to achieve spiritual goals.
    • Aum (Om): Sound of universe (creation).
    • Swastika: Symbol of good fortune and well-being.
    • Tilak/Bindi: Religious mark (men), decorative mark (women).
    • Vedas: Ancient sacred texts.
    • Sanskrit: Language of Vedas.
    • Ramayana/Bhagavad-Gita: Important epics teaching duty and spiritual values.
    • Mahabharata: Epic focusing on dharma and moral dilemmas.
    • Ganges River: Sacred; symbolizes purification and life.

    Unit 3: Buddhism

    • Buddhism Emergence: Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) in India seeking to end suffering.
    • Buddhist Schools:
      • Theravada: Individual enlightenment.
      • Mahayana: Helping others achieve enlightenment.
      • Vajrayana: Combines rituals and meditation.
    • Tripitaka: Three baskets of Buddhist teachings (Vinaya-rules).
    • Sutras: Buddha's teachings and discourses.
    • Anatta: No permanent self.
    • Arhat: Achieved enlightenment (Theravada).
    • Bodhisattva: Delays enlightenment for others.
    • Koan: Riddle/paradox in meditation.
    • Dalai Lama: Spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism.
    • Lotus Flower: Symbol of purity and enlightenment, rising above challenges.

    Unit 4: Judaism

    • Hanukkah: Festival of Lights, commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple.
    • Rosh Hashanah: Jewish New Year, emphasizing reflection.
    • Yom Kippur: Day of Atonement, focusing on fasting and repentance.
    • Torah: Sacred text of Judaism, written in Hebrew.
    • Judaism Branches:
      • Orthodox: Strict adherence to tradition.
      • Conservative: Balance of tradition and modernity.
      • Reform: Modern emphasis on personal interpretation.
    • Yarmulke: Skullcap worn by Jewish men.
    • Kosher: Food prepared according to Jewish dietary laws.

    Unit 5: Christianity

    • Creed: Statement of beliefs (Apostles', Nicene).
    • Great Schism (1054): Split between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches.
    • Infallibility: Belief that the Pope is without error on faith/morals
    • Protestant Reformation (1517): Martin Luther's protest against corruption in the Catholic Church.
    • Vatican Council II (1962-1965): Modernized the Catholic Church (e.g., Mass in local languages).
    • Hierarchy/Clergy/Laity:
      • Hierarchy: Church leadership structure (Pope, bishops).
      • Clergy: Ordained members (priests).
      • Laity: Non-ordained members.
    • Christian Festivals: Advent, Christmas, Epiphany, Pentecost, Lent, Holy Triduum, Easter.
    • Christian Beliefs: Belief in God, Jesus as Son of God, salvation, eternal life.
    • Christian Founder: Jesus Christ.
    • Christian Knowledge: Bible (New Testament), Church teachings.
    • Catholic/Orthodox Sacraments: Seven sacraments (Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Marriage, Holy Orders, Anointing of the Sick).
    • Protestant Sacraments: Two sacraments (Baptism, Eucharist).
    • Women Ministers: Possible in denominations like Anglican, Lutheran, United.
    • Priest Marriage: Allowed in many Protestant traditions.
    • Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, John (Mark first).
    • Synoptic Gospel Hypothesis: Matthew, Mark, and Luke share common sources.
    • Roman Persecution: Early Christians persecuted. -Symbols: Chi Rho (Christ), Cross (crucifixion), Fish (early Christians).
    • Papal Succession: First Pope was Peter, current Pope is Francis; election process is conclave (cardinals).
    • Church/Doctrine: Community of believers/official teachings.

    Unit 6: Islam

    • Allah: Arabic word for God.
    • Muslim: Follower of Islam, submitting to Allah.
    • Mecca: Holiest city in Islam (Saudi Arabia).
    • Ka'ba: Sacred structure in Mecca, built by Abraham/Ishmael.
    • Quran (Koran): Islamic holy book; revelations to Muhammad.
    • Mosque: Place of Islamic worship; Minaret for call to prayer; Muezzin proclaims call; Imam leads prayers.
    • Islam Sects:
      • Sunni: Leader chosen by community.
      • Shia: Leader is a descendant of Muhammad.
    • Muhammad: Founder of Islam; last prophet; spread Islam, united Arabia.
    • Five Pillars:
      • Shahada: Declaration of faith.
      • Salat: Daily prayers (five times).
      • Zakat: Charity to poor.
      • Sawm: Fasting during Ramadan.
      • Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca.
    • Ramadan: Month of fasting, prayer, and reflection.
    • Islam Comparisons to other faiths: Monotheistic, prophets, scriptures, and morality.
    • Wudhu: Ritual washing before prayer.

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