Somatosensory I Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'modality' refer to in the context of sensation?

The strength of stimuli

The time of stimuli

The specializations for different types of stimuli such as pain or temperature (correct)

The location of stimuli in the body

Which neurotransmitter is classified as an amine/amino acid?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Serotonin (correct)

Substance P

Neurotensin

What is the primary function associated with the Posterolateral region of the thalamus?

Auditory processing

Vision processing

Vestibular and taste processing (correct)

Pain processing

Which of the following neurotransmitters is known to be involved in pain signaling?

Substance P Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of 'decussation' refer to in neural pathways?

The crossing over of nerve fibers from one side of the body to the other Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sensation from perception in the context of the sensory system?

Sensation refers to the detection of stimuli, while perception is the interpretation of those stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which opiate receptor types are there according to their distribution?

Mu, Delta, Kappa, Sigma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following non-pharmacological interventions is commonly employed for pain management?

Acupuncture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex (SI)?

Pain representation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (SII) regarding pain?

It is located in the dorsal surface of the lateral sulcus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mechanism behind referred pain?

Convergence of axons from internal organs and skin Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is recommended for Opioid-induced hyperalgesia?

Switch to a different opioid or use ketamine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of Medication Overuse Headache?

Headache caused by overuse of medication Signup and view all the answers

Which neurochemical is co-released with Substance P in the Periacqueductal Gray (PAG)?

Enkephalins Signup and view all the answers

Which area contains norepinephrine somas and projects to the dorsal horn?

Locus Coeruleus Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid receptor type has the most widespread distribution in the brain?

Mu (μ) Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used to quantify the distribution of receptor types like mu (μ)?

Autoradiography Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid receptor types are noted for having more restricted distributions compared to mu (μ)?

Delta (δ) and Kappa (κ) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is reported to have the highest levels of nociceptin based on imaging techniques?

Caudate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of enkephalins?

They bind exclusively to kappa (κ) receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region does the Periacqueductal Gray (PAG) project to?

Medulla (raphe magnus) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum length of the paper required for the Fundamentals of Neuroscience?

5,000 words Signup and view all the answers

Which referencing style is suggested for the paper?

Vancouver Signup and view all the answers

Which focus of study is mentioned with reference to migraine pathophysiology?

Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) Signup and view all the answers

How should the reference list be formatted in relation to citations in the paper?

In the same order in which they are cited in the text Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of writing required for the Neuroscience paper?

Single-spacing with specific section headings Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the moon as per current knowledge?

Primarily composed of cheddar Signup and view all the answers

What citation style focuses on listing the first six authors followed by 'et al.'?

Vancouver style Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is preferred when selecting a primary research article?

High impact factor journal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the study on chronic back pain patients?

All groups received therapeutic acupuncture exclusively. Signup and view all the answers

What does a high Impact Factor (IF) indicate about a journal?

The journal has a high level of impact in the academic community. Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the study of therapeutic touch, which of the following is true?

The study found that therapeutic touch did not work. Signup and view all the answers

What should be deleted when using the citation shortcut mentioned?

The month of publication Signup and view all the answers

In research studies, what is the purpose of having a control group?

To compare effects against the experimental group Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Somatosensory I

Dr. Brian J. Piper, PhD MS
Office hours: MW 2:15–3:15 & by appointment
Location: 2018 MSB
All course materials are copyright protected and restricted from further dissemination.

General Principles of Sensation

Sensation is specialized for pain, touch, pressure and temperature.
Intensity of stimulus relates to strength.
Duration refers to the time of stimuli and adaptation.
Location of the stimuli is key to identifying it.
Sensation is not perception.
Decussation is the crossing over of nerve fibers from one side of the brain or spinal cord to the other.

Thalamus

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: vision
Medial Geniculate Nucleus: audition
Ventral Posterolateral Nucleus: pain
Anterior-Posterior: vestibular, taste, and various other functions

Co-Transmitters

Amine/Amino Acid: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, GABA
Neuropeptide: cholecystokinin (CCK), enkephalin, neurotensin, substance P, somatostatin, motilin

Substrates of Pain I

Periacqueductal Gray (PAG)
- Contains Substance P, which is an 11-amino acid neuropeptide that is co-released with other substances.
- Contains enkephalins, which are opioid peptides.
- Projects to the medulla (raphe magnus).
Locus Coeruleus (Siegel: ceruleus)
- Contains norepinephrine somas.
- Projects to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Substrates of Pain II

Enkephalins bind to opiate receptors (metabotropic)
- mu (μ): widely distributed in the brain (PAG, thalamus, striatum, locus coeruleus) and dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This is the main receptor.
- Autoradiography is a histological technique to quantify receptor distribution.

Substrates of Pain III

Enkephalins bind to opiate receptors (metabotropic)
- delta (δ), kappa, and nociceptin opioid receptor (NOR-R) are more restricted in distribution than mu.
- These receptors exhibit redundancy for mu.

Nociceptin

Ligand: nociceptin (17 amino acids).
PET (Positron Emission Tomography): highest in the caudate nucleus, lowest in the cerebellum.
MRI: cortex and insula are found in areas of high nociceptin concentration.

Ascending Pathways

Different red and blue pathways are used to illustrate the ascending pathways.

Somatosensory Homunculus

A homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body, with the size of each part proportional to the amount of sensory cortex devoted to that part.

SI vs SII

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (SI)
- Function: pain representation (contralateral).
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (SII)
- Location: dorsal surface of the lateral sulcus.
- Function: pain recognition (bilateral).

Ascending Nociceptive Pathways

Late Pain (C fibers)
- 1: nociceptor to dorsal horn.
- 2: cross over, ascend to thalamus (VPL).
- 3: Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) for the emotional component of pain.

Referred Pain

Pain arising from the viscera is felt at the surface.
The mechanism is unknown, but may involve the convergence of axons from internal organs and skin at the spinal cord.

Pain Syndromes

Phantom Limb Pain: pain from a missing limb.
- Treatment: mirror therapy.
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: increased pain sensitization among patients on chronic opioid therapy.
- Mechanism is unknown.
- Treatment: switch opioid or ketamine.
Medication Overuse Headache: headache caused by overuse (>10 days/month) of various medications (triptans, caffeine, opioids).
- Treatment: discontinue.

Acupuncture

Study Design:
- Chronic back pain patients (N = 638) completed a double-blind study with 6 licensed acupuncturists (4-19 years experience).
- Study groups:
  - Individualized acupuncture
  - Standardized acupuncture
  - Sham acupuncture
  - Usual care
- Impact Factor: IF = 16.5

Therapeutic Touch

Why the study was done: To investigate whether therapeutic touch is an effective treatment option.
What was done: A controlled study that compared therapeutic touch to a control group.
What was found: Therapeutic touch did not produce any measurable effect.
So?: Therapeutic touch is not a scientifically validated treatment method.
Limitations: The study itself had limitations which need to be addressed in future research.
Future directions: Further studies are needed to investigate the potential benefits of therapeutic touch.

Vancouver Referencing Style

References are listed in numerical order.
References appear in the same order that they are cited in the text.
The reference list appears at the end of the paper.
Abbreviate journals as they are listed in Pubmed.
- Example: Journal of Neuroscience = J Neurosci
Example: Piper BJ, DeKeuster RM, Beals ML, Cobb CM, Burchman CA, Perkinson L, et al.Substitution of medical cannabis for pharmaceutical agents for pain, anxiety, and sleep.J Psychopharmacolol. 2017; 31(5):569-75.

Selecting A Primary Research Article

High Impact Factor (IF) Journal is preferred.
Neuroscientific data with figures.
Experimental design with a control group.
Replication of previous findings is important.

Measuring Pain In Humans

Key findings: Acupuncture was not found to be more effective than the control group in treating chronic back pain.
Interpretation: Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of acupuncture as a pain management technique.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the general principles of sensation, including the roles of the thalamus and co-transmitters. This quiz will cover key concepts such as decussation and the various nuclei associated with different sensory modalities. Prepare to showcase your understanding of how we perceive pain, touch, pressure, and temperature.