Solutions Class 12

Solutions Class 12

Definition of a Solution

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent).
• The solute is present in a smaller amount than the solvent.

Characteristics of Solutions

• Homogeneous: Solutions have a uniform composition throughout.
• Stable: Solutions are stable at a given temperature and pressure.
• Transparent: Solutions are transparent, as the particles are too small to scatter light.

Types of Solutions

• Saturated Solution: A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature.
• Unsaturated Solution: A solution that contains less solute than it can hold at a given temperature.
• Supersaturated Solution: A solution that contains more solute than it can hold at a given temperature.

Concentration of Solutions

• Mass Percentage: The mass of solute per 100 grams of solution.
• Volume Percentage: The volume of solute per 100 volumes of solution.
• Molarity: The number of moles of solute per liter of solution (M = moles/liter).
• Molality: The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (m = moles/kilogram).

Factors Affecting Solubility

• Temperature: Solubility increases with temperature for most substances.
• Pressure: Solubility increases with pressure for gases.
• Nature of Solvent and Solute: Solubility depends on the interaction between the solvent and solute particles.

Colligative Properties

• Boiling Point Elevation: The boiling point of a solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.
• Freezing Point Depression: The freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.
• Osmotic Pressure: The pressure exerted by a solution on a semipermeable membrane to equalize the concentration of solute particles.

Applications of Solutions

• Medicine: Solutions are used as medicinal preparations, such as injections and syrups.
• Industry: Solutions are used in various industrial processes, such as manufacturing and purification.
• Laboratory: Solutions are used as reagents and solvents in chemical reactions and experiments.

Definition and Characteristics of Solutions

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, where one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent).
• The solute is present in a smaller amount than the solvent.
• Solutions are homogeneous, stable, and transparent, with uniform composition throughout.

Types of Solutions

• Saturated Solution: contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature.
• Unsaturated Solution: contains less solute than it can hold at a given temperature.
• Supersaturated Solution: contains more solute than it can hold at a given temperature.

Concentration of Solutions

• Mass Percentage: the mass of solute per 100 grams of solution.
• Volume Percentage: the volume of solute per 100 volumes of solution.
• Molarity (M): the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
• Molality (m): the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Factors Affecting Solubility

• Temperature: solubility increases with temperature for most substances.
• Pressure: solubility increases with pressure for gases.
• Nature of Solvent and Solute: solubility depends on the interaction between solvent and solute particles.

Colligative Properties

• Boiling Point Elevation: the boiling point of a solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.
• Freezing Point Depression: the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.
• Osmotic Pressure: the pressure exerted by a solution on a semipermeable membrane to equalize the concentration of solute particles.

Applications of Solutions

• Medicine: solutions are used as medicinal preparations, such as injections and syrups.
• Industry: solutions are used in various industrial processes, such as manufacturing and purification.
• Laboratory: solutions are used as reagents and solvents in chemical reactions and experiments.