Solubility and Factors Affecting It

Study Notes

Solubility

Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given amount of a solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.

Factors Affecting Solubility

Temperature: Increasing temperature generally increases solubility, but some substances exhibit a decrease in solubility with increasing temperature.
Pressure: Increasing pressure can increase solubility, but this is not always the case.
Polarity: Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
Particle size: Smaller particles are more soluble than larger particles.

Solubility Rules

Salts:
- Most alkali metal salts are soluble.
- Most ammonium salts are soluble.
- Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble, except for those of silver, lead, and mercury.
- Most sulfate salts are soluble, except for those of calcium, strontium, and barium.
Oxides: Most oxides are insoluble, except for those of sodium, potassium, and calcium.
Acids: Most acids are soluble, except for those of sulfur, phosphorus, and boron.

Types of Solubility

Soluble: The substance dissolves completely in the solvent.
Insoluble: The substance does not dissolve in the solvent.
Partially soluble: The substance dissolves partially in the solvent.
Miscible: Two liquids that can mix in any proportion to form a homogeneous solution.

Solubility Units

Molarity (M): The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molality (m): The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Parts per million (ppm): The number of grams of solute per million grams of solution.

Importance of Solubility

Pharmaceuticals: Solubility affects the bioavailability of drugs.
Environmental science: Solubility affects the transport and fate of pollutants in the environment.
Food industry: Solubility affects the texture and consistency of food products.
Chemical reactions: Solubility affects the rate and yield of chemical reactions.

Solubility

Solubility is the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given amount of a solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.

Factors Affecting Solubility

Increasing temperature generally increases solubility, but some substances exhibit a decrease in solubility with increasing temperature.
Increasing pressure can increase solubility, but this is not always the case.
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
Smaller particles are more soluble than larger particles.

Solubility Rules

Most alkali metal salts are soluble.
Most ammonium salts are soluble.
Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble, except for those of silver, lead, and mercury.
Most sulfate salts are soluble, except for those of calcium, strontium, and barium.
Most oxides are insoluble, except for those of sodium, potassium, and calcium.
Most acids are soluble, except for those of sulfur, phosphorus, and boron.

Types of Solubility

Soluble: The substance dissolves completely in the solvent.
Insoluble: The substance does not dissolve in the solvent.
Partially soluble: The substance dissolves partially in the solvent.
Miscible: Two liquids that can mix in any proportion to form a homogeneous solution.

Solubility Units

Molarity (M): The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molality (m): The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Parts per million (ppm): The number of grams of solute per million grams of solution.

Importance of Solubility

Solubility affects the bioavailability of drugs in pharmaceuticals.
Solubility affects the transport and fate of pollutants in the environment.
Solubility affects the texture and consistency of food products.
Solubility affects the rate and yield of chemical reactions.

Description

Learn about the concept of solubility and the factors that affect it, including temperature, pressure, and polarity. Understand how these factors impact the maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a solvent.