1st Grade Science

States of Matter

• Matter is anything that takes up space and is everything around us.
• All matter has mass, which is the amount of matter in an object and can be measured in weight.
• A baseball contains more matter and has a larger mass than a balloon.

Science Experiement

• Needed materials include a bowl of water, pot, stove, and fridge.
• To set up the science experient you split the water into a plastic bowl and a metal pot.
• An adult has to place the metal pot onto the stove and let the water boil.
• Place the plastic bowl into the fridge and wait for it to freeze.
• Write down your findings in the conclusion and describe how did the water changed before the experiment, after freezing and boiling.

Solid, Liquid, or Gas States of Matter

• Water can exist in three different states and changes states when placed in the freezer.
• Molecules are the smallest units of a substance that has all the properties of that substance.
• There are three main states of matter.
  • Solid objects keep their shape and their molecules are packed together.
  • Liquid objects fit the container they are put in and their molecules move around.
  • Gases shift to fit their container and fill it or can even be put into a smaller container; their molecules are spaced far apart and always moving.

State of Matter - Changes

• Matter changes states when it absorbs or loses energy when heated or cooled.
• Freezing and melting are processes where matter changes between liquid and solid states.
• Condensation, evaporation, and vaporization are processes where matter changes between liquid and gas states.

States of Water

• Water can exist in three states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
• Matter can change states due to a change in energy.
• Water changes from a liquid to a solid by freezing.
• Water changes from a solid to a liquid by melting.
• Water changes from a liquid to a gas by condensation.

Water Cycle

• The water cycle consists of:
  • Evaporation: liquids change to a gas or vapor.
  • Condensation: water vapor in the air turns back into a liquid form.
  • Precipitation: release of water from the sky, such as rain or snow.

Living and Non Living THINGS

• Living things are alive, like people, animals, and plants.
• Non-living things are not alive, like tables, chairs, and cups.
• Living things need air, water, and food to stay alive and they reproduce, grow, and move.
• Non-living things do not move unless moved by an outside force, don't feel pain, and don't reproduce.

Living Things NEEDS

• Sunlight, water, air, food, and a habitat with the right temperature helps living things to survive.

What Do LIVING THINGS Eat?

• Herbivores are animals that only eat plants, like cows.
• Carnivores are animals that eat other animals, like owls.
• Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and other animals, like bears.
• Plants are producers because they create energy (food) from the sun.
• Consumers do not create energy, they just use it up.
• Herbivores are consumers because they eat plants.
• Carnivores are another type of consumer because they eat other animals.
• Each organism passes energy from food to the next in a food chain.

Food Chain

• A food chain describes how different organisms eat each other, starting with a plant and ending with an animal.
• Each link in the food chain is important.
• In a food chain, grass is the producer, insects eat the grass, a frog eats the insects, and a bird eats the frog.
• Energy flows between living things when they eat or are eaten.
• Producers, like plants, produce their own food.
• Consumers cannot create their own food and eat plants or other animals.
• In an ecosystem, there are many food chains that connect to create a food web.

Animal Habitats

• Habitats are places where animals, plants, and people live.
• Organisms need air, food, water, temperature, and shelter to survive.
• There are different habitats which include grasslands and mountain habitats, deserts and oceans habitats.
• Oceans cover about 70 percent of the Earth's surface and are the largest of the world's habitats.
• Oceans contain salty water in Earth basins with five classified oceans.
• Life in the ocean includes fish, mammals, and plants with ocean animals needing salt water.
• Invertebrates are animals without a backbone and scientists estimate that close to 1 million different kinds of animals live in the oceans.
• Rainforests are warm, wet habitats with tall, thick trees and house different animals and insects.
• Rainforests are found in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Central and South America, with the Amazon rainforest being the biggest.
• Most rainforests grow near the equator, which separates the north and south poles and has hot, humid temperatures.
• Over half of the world's animal species live in the rainforest and its plant life and abundance of natural resources make it the best habitat.
• Animals in the rainforest eat plants, insects, or other animals and animals adapt to their surroundings.
• Freshwater rivers running through the rainforest contain fish with low leaves creating shelter for insects like tarantulas.
• Forests grow in areas that are not very hot or very cold.
• In forests, trees grow thinner than rainforests and seasons change the habitat.
• Some animals must adapt, like hibernation with animals lowering their heart rate, breathing, and body temperature to sleep longer and reduce the need for food.
• Animals change depending on the way of weather, such as hibernation.
• Some birds migrate south for warmer temperatures and more food during the winter.
• Other migrators include monarchs that migrates in the Summer and Fall.
• Forests are often lost for wood, furniture, and building.
• Most deserts are very hot and sandy, but some deserts are freezing cold.
• The Antarctic polar desert is the world's largest with temperatures below freezing all year.
• Camels have bodies that hold more water for long trips without water and cactus store up water.
• Penguins and seals who live in Antartica eat fish.
• Tundra habitats are treeless areas found in the Arctic and on the tops of mountains.
• Tundra climates are cold and windy with snow for much of the year, but wildflowers in the summer.
• Tundra animals include arctic foxes, polar bears, gray wolves, caribou, snow geese, and musk oxen.
• The snowy owl camouflages to hide from predators and sneak up on their prey, which are usually small rodents.
• Grasslands are grassy areas of land that get a little more rain than deserts but not quite as much as forest areas.
• Savannahs or prairies lack natural animal shields, so they build homes in the ground, with savannahs being tropical grasslands.
• Some of the largest land animals live in grassland habitats, like elephants, giraffes, and ostriches.
• Savannas are dependent on the food chain and the cheetah in the grasslands can reach 61 mph making them faster than their prey, herbivore gazelles.

Animal Life Cycles

• A life cycle is the series of changes a living thing goes through from birth to death.
• A mammal is a warm-blooded animal with a backbone and fur or hair.
• Mammals are born, grow, reproduce, and die but also goes through adolescence and adult life cycle stages.
• Birds are not born like mammals but hatched from an egg with most birds having feathers and wings.
• Mother birds feed their chicks and the chicks grow into adults who eventually repeat the process with new eggs.
• Amphibians, like frogs, live in the water and on land.
• Frogs lay eggs that turn into tadpoles and become new frogs.

Life cycles

• Reptiles are cold blooded animals in four main categories; crocodiles and alligators, turtles and tortoises, snakes and lizards.
• Reptiles hatch from eggs.
• Fish are animals that live in water, are born from eggs, grow into larva, and then into juvenile and adult fish.
• Insects have four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
• A human life cycle involves being born as a newborn, growing into a toddler, kid, adolescent, young adult, and then an adult who marries and has children before becoming an elder adult.
• Flowers start out as seeds.
• Trees start as a single small seed than sprout in to tiny little plants, are saplingss, keep growing and growing in to big trees with branches and leaves.

The Earth

• The Earth is the planet we live on and it orbits the sun with the Earth being the third planet from the Sun and the fifth largest in size.
• Earth is the largest of the terrestrial planets and the only known planet to be able to sustain life.
• The atmosphere protects us from the Sun's radiation and Space debris and provides us with seasons and different weather conditions.
• Earth is composed of four main layers: the inner core, the outer core, mantle, and crust. -The crust is the layer we live on with mountains, valleys, and volcanos.

Mountains

• Mountains are a feature of the Earth's crust and rise 1,000 feet above the surrounding area and are formed in different ways.
• Fold mountains are mountains formed with plates colliding causing the Earth's crust to crumple and fold and forms fold mountains.
• The Earth's crust and upper mantle form the lithosphere which is made up of seven large plates and several smaller plates moving.
• Fault-block mountains are formed along faults when the Earth's crusts stretches apart as the Earth is pushed upward and other parts collapse down.
• Faults are cracks in the Earth's crust that move along the faults and cause earthquakes.
• Sierra Nevada mountains in California are fault-block mountains and volcanic mountains cool and harden.
• Volcanic mountains are formed by volcanoes spewing lava; including volcanoes and dome mountains.
• Volcanoes are formed when magma erupts, hardening into a mountain, or when magma builds up and forces the rock above to bulge forming a dome mountain.
• Examples of volcanic mountains are Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.

Volcanos

• Volcanos are openings in the Earth's crust where hot liquid rock erupts and are caused by volcanoes spewing lava.
• The volcanoes that are rock deep inside the Earth becomes really hot and it turns into a liquid, called magma.
• When magma flows to the surface it is then called lava, which begins to cool and harden to form rocks.
• Volcanos can be active if they have recently erupted or are currently erupting.
• A volcano can be dormant, or not erupt in while.
• An extinct volcano is one that is not expected to erupt again.
• Volcanoes include cinder cones with lava escaping from a single vent on the top.
• Composite volcanes are larger and formed by layers of lava that have built up over time.
• Shield volcanoes form wide thin layers of lava that are shaped like a shield and lava domes are formed when lava hardens around the vent.

Oceans (Marine Biomes)

• 70% of the Earth's surface is the marine biome.
• The marine biome consists of Oceans, Coral reefs, and estuaries, saltwater, and home to different marine life.
• Over 90% of the life on Earth is in the ocean, which is classified into five major oceans.
• Major oceans include the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Oceans.
• Many different animal types that in the ocean include fish that breathe water with their gills, mammals that come to the surface to breathe, and invertebrates that are called mollusk like the octopus. The ocean can be divided into five zones depending on how much sunlight can reach the zone. The five zones of the ocean include:
  • The Sunlit or euphotic
    • Top layer with the most sunlight and feeds plants called phytoplankton through photosynthesis.
    • Most of the marine animals live in the sunlit zone.
  • The twilight or disphotic
    • Sunlight starts to fade and contains creatures that have adapted to low light or can create their own light through bioluminescence .
  • The midnight or aphotic
    • No light in the this zone.
    • There are very few animals live in this zone but it is the largest of the zones.
  • The Abyss
    • As it is an area of the ocean where there is no light, temperature is near freezing and has a pressure high due to the weight of the water above.
    • Invertebrates like sea stars and squids survive in this environment.
  • The trenches
    • Found from the ocean basin and below and the high pressure and low temperatures make these areas hard to explore without special equipment.

Recycling

• Recycling is reusing materials such as plastic metal paper cloths instead of treating as trash to protect planet.
• The three Rs of recycling include: Reduce, Reuse Recycle. -The Recycling Loop has three arrows.
  • Each one represents a different step in The recycle process. - Collect.
    • Process materials. - Buying recycled items.

Reduce is first R of recycling which means we reduce waste there is less waste to recycle then.

• Ways to reduce waste:
  • Print on both sides of paper.
  • Use cloth napkins instead of paper.
  • Avoid over packaged products.
• The second R is to Reuse Repurpose items instead of through them away
• The third R is recycling transforms to raw materials then be used to completely new products
• Recycling Fact: A single aluminum can will sit in a landfill for at least 500 years. All aluminum cans may be recycled.
• 75% of garbage is recyclable but we only recycle 30% in the US
• Recycled plastic bottles could circle our planet four times. Recycling benefits:
  • Conserves natural resources the Earth's including trees, money and rare raw materials. -Protects wildlife reduces the need to extract raw materials from the Earth
  • Saves energy.

Seasons

• Each year has four seasons is because of the Earth traveling around the Sun makes it to have orbit.
• Earth Orbit in 1 year
• Changes each for the planet this causes the seasons.
• Each season is three months long.
• Winter is in December, January, and February is a season most get snow and ice .
• Spring is in March, April,
  • April, and May animals are born flowers bloom.
• Summer is in June, July, and August.
  • It is a season where students have break or vacation many people spend times on the beaches.
• Fall is in September, October, and November it is.
  • It also, is also known as autumn and have pumpkins it get cooler .

Weather

• Weather describes our atmosphere includes temperature, humidity, wind velocity, precipitation, and barometric pressure and very from each other in various place.
• Weather is controlled by changes in air pressure high mean clear and low mean rainy.
• Climate average type of weather follow a pattern according season the of that day and of that area.
• Atmosphere : gases surround our planet the force by gravity.
• Thunder Storm is scary time especially may shake power out the house
  • Three things: moisture,unstable air, and lift usually comes from the ocean in warm area makes clouds is lifted by ground and wind.
• Different kinds of storm:
  • Ice storm,heavy snowfall
  • Hurricane wind,tornado force of funnel
    • Thunderstorms are caused by moisture unstable air and lift.

Meteorologists

• Meteorology see the future
• They study atmosphere record climate and forecast tool:Thermomter - measure air,Barometer-air pressure.
• Wind speed- wind blow
• Anemometer

Clouds

• The two factors to describe clouds by location and shape.
• Cloud are drops of the ice crystals sky full of the water drop small but turn into the drop small.
• Condensation is turned into to gas liquid form water.
• Categories with in the atmosphere in location and shape. -Cumulus .white weather
  • Stratus clouds are flat. Stratocumulus. Low, puffy, patchy. -Altoumus. sheep wool spotted warm
  • Numbutrastrus signal and snow
  • Circa clouds then strand -Cirrosumulus smWhite see in window
  • Cumblinouspan in high and low their thunder.
    • Transant Associated with warm in front.

Soil

• It a mix of material water air rock materials necessary for all life Earth, plants, groundhogs and filter cleaner as helps water and filters organic to us grow home or us.
• O:organics things leaves
• A is top solid minerals pattern organic material
• B solid minerals the two levers, c Parent weather D composer rock

Air

• Atmosphere to testless ordure's mix gas with. Breathing with. People for Oxygen Plants dioxide which oxygen turn in oxygen.
• Dust and pollen can carry out small car fames-air that humidity with more water with rain.
• Five the Major.
  • Lasting skinniest and surface
  • Next thing later.
  • Method where they burn up so also Cold place.
  • Start gets from radiation wind balloon is.
  • Then our lives then we plane we can go.

Flight

To flying the air are going to be all over under when moving so have more force a certain way to fly . Wing is make thrust the air and plain or need push flys.