BREX Handouts

Solid Dosage Forms and Suppositories

• Solid dosage forms include lozenges, pills, lollipops, bolus, hypodermic tablets, pellets, cataplasm, plasters, transdermal patches, band-aids, and dressings, each serving different purposes and administration methods.
• Various techniques like electroporation, iontophoresis, phonophoresis, and high-velocity powder particles are used for transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS).
• Suppositories are solid dosage forms that melt, soften, or dissolve for local or systemic effects and are useful for infants, debilitated patients, or those with gastrointestinal disturbances.
• Types of suppositories include rectal, vaginal, and urethral, with different sizes, shapes, and bases like fatty/oleaginous bases, water-soluble and water-miscible bases, and miscellaneous bases.
• Suppository bases like cocoa butter, Wecobee, Witepsol, and hydrogenated fatty acids are used, and preparation methods include hand-rolling, compression, and fusion methods.
• Liquid dosage forms offer homogenous doses, immediate availability for absorption, and flexible dosing, with solutions being the most commonly used type.
• Water is the most commonly used solvent for drug solutions, with different types recognized by the USP for various pharmaceutical preparations.
• Aromatic waters are used as flavored vehicles for water-soluble drugs and in some emulsions or suspensions, while syrups contain high concentrations of sucrose or other sugars.
• Sterile water for inhalation, sterile water for irrigation, and bacteriostatic water for injection are other types of liquid dosage forms with specific uses and packaging requirements.
• Syrups, also known as simple syrups, have low solvent capacity for water-soluble drugs and are inherently stable when properly prepared and maintained.
• Syrups can be prepared by solution with heat, solution by agitation without heat, percolation, and extraction, as per USP methods.

Pharmaceutical Solutions and Disperse Systems

• Parenteral solutions are injected directly into the body and must meet strict microbiological and pyrogenicity requirements.
• They are used when oral medication is not feasible, for rapid drug action, and for specific delivery to organs or tissues.
• Routes of drug administration include intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and others.
• Suspensions are liquid dosage forms with finely divided drug particles, while gels are semisolid systems with a jelly-like consistency.
• Emulsions consist of two immiscible liquids, with oil-in-water and water-in-oil being common types.
• Factors determining emulsion type include emulsifier, phase ratio, and order of mixing.
• Emulsifying agents can be natural, finely divided solids, synthetic, and are classified based on HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) values.
• Formulas for emulsions may require specific blends of emulsifiers, with calculations based on their HLB values.
• Methods of emulsion preparation include the wet gum (English) method, dry gum (Continental) method, and bottle method.
• Otic solutions are used for ear irrigation and should not be labeled for injection, with pH and isotonicity being crucial considerations.
• Irrigating solutions are sterile washes for surgical use, labeled "Not for Injection" and "For Irrigation Only".
• Disperse systems like suspensions, gels, and emulsions have specific properties, preparation methods, and applications in pharmaceuticals.

Test your knowledge of solid dosage forms and suppositories with this quiz. Explore various types of solid dosage forms, suppository bases, and preparation methods. Learn about liquid dosage forms, including solutions, aromatic waters, and syrups, as well as their specific uses and preparation techniques.