Soilborne Diseases: Transmission and Prevention
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Questions and Answers

What is the progression rate of gas gangrene from initial injury?

  • Within 72 hours
  • Within 1 week
  • Within 48 hours (correct)
  • Within 24 hours

    • What is the mortality rate of gas gangrene?

  • 10-15%
  • 20-25% (correct)
  • 40-45%
  • 30-35%

    • What is the form of Histoplasma capsulatum in soil?

  • Both yeast and mold form (correct)
  • Mold form
  • Yeast form
  • Fungal spores

    • How is Histoplasmosis typically acquired?

    <p>Through inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of cases that become a severe disease in Histoplasmosis?

    <p>0.1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the test used to rule out Tuberculosis in Histoplasmosis diagnosis?

    <p>Tuberculent skin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are at high risk for Histoplasmosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for tetani germination in deep tissue?

    <p>absence of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main target of the neurotoxin produced by C. tetani bacteria?

    <p>Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of respiratory muscle spasms in tetanus infection?

    <p>blockage of relaxation pathway in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for tetanus infection?

    <p>genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common location where Histoplasmosis occurs?

    <p>Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) in tetanus treatment?

    <p>to neutralize the toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is used to prevent tetanus infection?

    <p>toxoid vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of Coccidioidomycosis?

    <p>Coccidioides immitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Coccidioidomycosis typically acquired?

    <p>By inhalation of fungal spores called airborne arthroconidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of untreated tetanus infection?

    <p>respiratory failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Coccidioidomycosis?

    <p>Antimycotics/Antifungal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylum of the helminth that causes Hookworm Infection?

    <p>Nematoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is the infective penetrating larvae stage in Hookworm Infection?

    <p>Larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of the fungus that causes Coccidioidomycosis?

    <p>Desert soils of the American Southwest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major portal of entry for soilborne diseases?

    <p>Skin and respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can soilborne pathogens be transmitted indirectly?

    <p>Through inhalation of airborne pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best preventive measure for soilborne diseases?

    <p>Moistening the soil to prevent airborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria causes Tetanus?

    <p>Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can Clostridium tetani grow in the body?

    <p>Deep layers of muscle and deep wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the virulence factor of Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Tetanospasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Tetanus?

    <p>Soilborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of hookworm infection?

    <p>Larvae in contaminated soil penetrating bare skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of ascariasis?

    <p>Ascaris lumbricoides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a large number of hookworms in the body?

    <p>Anemia and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do humans get infected with ascariasis?

    <p>By ingesting eggs accidentally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the antiparasitic drug used to treat hookworm infection?

    <p>Mebendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that is the infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides?

    <p>Egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predisposing factor for ascariasis?

    <p>Poverty and unsanitary conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the worldwide population infected with ascariasis?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a large number of worms in children?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can ascariasis be prevented?

    <p>By washing hands and not ingesting soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of interrupted blood supply to tissue?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bacteria that causes Gas Gangrene?

    <p>Gram-positive bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which spores of Clostridium perfringens become active cells?

    <p>Germination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens in Gas Gangrene?

    <p>Alpha toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gas and fluid-filled blisters in Gas Gangrene?

    <p>They often form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Gas Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that contributes to the development of Gas Gangrene?

    <p>Low blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of the neurotoxin produced by C. tetani bacteria in tetanus infection?

    <p>Blocking relaxation pathway in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why tetani germinates in deep tissue?

    <p>Absence of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome of untreated tetanus infection?

    <p>Respiratory failure leading to death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DTaP, TDaP, and Td vaccines in preventing tetanus infection?

    <p>To introduce a small dose of the toxin to stimulate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical site of muscle stiffness and spasms in tetanus infection?

    <p>Head, neck, and back muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) in tetanus treatment?

    <p>To neutralize the toxin produced by the bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predisposing factor for tetanus infection?

    <p>Direct contact with fomites, such as rusty nails or sharp objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Coccidioidomycosis?

    <p>Inhalation of airborne arthroconidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the lifecycle of Coccidioides immitis?

    <p>It has a complex lifecycle with multiple hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical habitat of the fungus that causes Histoplasmosis?

    <p>River valleys and caves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of surgical debridement in treating gas gangrene?

    <p>To remove necrotic tissue and prevent the spread of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a treatment option for Histoplasmosis?

    <p>Antifungals/antimycotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum that allows it to infect humans?

    <p>Its ability to exist in multiple forms, including yeast and mold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic shape of the body of the hookworm?

    <p>Hooked-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Coccidioidomycosis?

    <p>Mild flu-like symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir of Histoplasma capsulatum?

    <p>Bird and bat droppings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the parasitic helminth that causes Hookworm Infection in the Americas?

    <p>Necator americanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of gas gangrene that makes it a common cause of death in wars?

    <p>Its ability to progress quickly from initial injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a tuberculin skin test in diagnosing Histoplasmosis?

    <p>To rule out Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in treating gas gangrene?

    <p>To deliver oxygen to the affected tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Histoplasmosis that makes it a systemic infection?

    <p>Its ability to spread through the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a large number of hookworms in the body?

    <p>Anemia and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do humans get infected with hookworm?

    <p>Through skin penetration of larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Ascaris lumbricoides?

    <p>It is a parasitic helminth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of treatment for ascariasis?

    <p>To eliminated adult worms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Ascaris lumbricoides?

    <p>Human intestine and soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of ascariasis?

    <p>Through ingestion of eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a large number of worms in children?

    <p>Impaired growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the antiparasitic drug used to treat hookworm infection?

    <p>Mebendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of ascariasis worldwide?

    <p>30% of the worldwide population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for walking barefoot as a predisposing factor for hookworm infection?

    <p>Because it increases the risk of skin penetration of larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of soilborne diseases?

    <p>Direct contact with contaminated soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main portal of entry for soilborne pathogens?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Gram-positive, obligate anaerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best preventive measure for soilborne diseases?

    <p>Moistening the soil to prevent aerosolization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach for soilborne diseases?

    <p>Antiparasitic therapy and surgical debridement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of soilborne disease?

    <p>Histoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Tetanus?

    <p>Direct contact with contaminated soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the virulence factor of Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Tetanospasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical habitat of the fungus that causes Coccidioidomycosis?

    <p>Desert soils of the American Southwest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why amputation is often required in gas gangrene?

    <p>Because the pathogen is anaerobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Histoplasmosis that distinguishes it from Tuberculosis?

    <p>The test results require a negative tuberculin skin test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the lifecycle of Coccidioides immitis?

    <p>Complex lifecycle involving arthroconidia and spherules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Histoplasmosis?

    <p>Inhalation of airborne arthroconidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in Histoplasmosis?

    <p>They provide a habitat for the fungus to grow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Hookworm Infection?

    <p>Flu-like symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why gas gangrene is a common cause of death in wars?

    <p>Because it progresses quickly from initial injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for Coccidioidomycosis?

    <p>Antifungal therapy with Itraconazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of Histoplasma capsulatum in the environment?

    <p>Mold form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of people with gas gangrene in a limb that require amputation?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Clostridium perfringens causes tissue damage in Gas Gangrene?

    <p>Alpha toxin produced by the bacteria causing vascular and tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a predisposing factor for Hookworm Infection?

    <p>Walking barefoot in contaminated soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the ischemic area that allows Clostridium perfringens spores to germinate and produce toxins?

    <p>Low blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the fungal infection that causes Histoplasmosis?

    <p>It is a systemic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phylum of the helminth that causes Hookworm Infection?

    <p>Nematoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the lifecycle of Hookworm?

    <p>Complex lifecycle involving multiple hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of debridement in treating gas gangrene?

    <p>To remove necrotic tissue from the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why Gas Gangrene is often associated with deep tissue wounds?

    <p>The bacteria are obligate anaerobes and grow in low-oxygen environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between ischemia and necrosis in the context of Gas Gangrene?

    <p>Ischemia is reversible, while necrosis is irreversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the symptoms of Gas Gangrene?

    <p>Severe pain and swelling, followed by rapid decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of diagnosing Gas Gangrene?

    <p>Symptoms and imaging tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the bacteria that causes Gas Gangrene?

    <p>Gram-positive, anaerobic, and rod-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of surgical debridement in treating Gas Gangrene?

    <p>To remove dead tissue and promote healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of a large number of hookworms in the body?

    <p>Anemia and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary habitat of Ascaris lumbricoides?

    <p>Soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the development of ascariasis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of a large number of worms in children?

    <p>Impaired growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of prevention for soilborne diseases?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of untreated hookworm infection?

    <p>Anemia and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of antiparasitic drugs in treating ascariasis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of ascariasis?

    <p>Accidental ingestion of contaminated soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

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