Soilborne Diseases: Transmission and Prevention

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Questions and Answers

What is the progression rate of gas gangrene from initial injury?

  • Within 72 hours
  • Within 1 week
  • Within 48 hours (correct)
  • Within 24 hours

What is the mortality rate of gas gangrene?

  • 10-15%
  • 20-25% (correct)
  • 40-45%
  • 30-35%

What is the form of Histoplasma capsulatum in soil?

  • Both yeast and mold form (correct)
  • Mold form
  • Yeast form
  • Fungal spores

How is Histoplasmosis typically acquired?

<p>Through inhalation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of cases that become a severe disease in Histoplasmosis?

<p>0.1% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the test used to rule out Tuberculosis in Histoplasmosis diagnosis?

<p>Tuberculent skin test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are at high risk for Histoplasmosis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for tetani germination in deep tissue?

<p>absence of air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main target of the neurotoxin produced by C. tetani bacteria?

<p>Central Nervous System (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of respiratory muscle spasms in tetanus infection?

<p>blockage of relaxation pathway in muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for tetanus infection?

<p>genetic predisposition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common location where Histoplasmosis occurs?

<p>Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) in tetanus treatment?

<p>to neutralize the toxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is used to prevent tetanus infection?

<p>toxoid vaccine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of Coccidioidomycosis?

<p>Coccidioides immitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Coccidioidomycosis typically acquired?

<p>By inhalation of fungal spores called airborne arthroconidia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical outcome of untreated tetanus infection?

<p>respiratory failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Coccidioidomycosis?

<p>Antimycotics/Antifungal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phylum of the helminth that causes Hookworm Infection?

<p>Nematoda (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the infective penetrating larvae stage in Hookworm Infection?

<p>Larvae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of the fungus that causes Coccidioidomycosis?

<p>Desert soils of the American Southwest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major portal of entry for soilborne diseases?

<p>Skin and respiratory tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can soilborne pathogens be transmitted indirectly?

<p>Through inhalation of airborne pathogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best preventive measure for soilborne diseases?

<p>Moistening the soil to prevent airborne transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria causes Tetanus?

<p>Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can Clostridium tetani grow in the body?

<p>Deep layers of muscle and deep wounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the virulence factor of Clostridium tetani?

<p>Tetanospasmin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Tetanus?

<p>Soilborne transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of hookworm infection?

<p>Larvae in contaminated soil penetrating bare skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of ascariasis?

<p>Ascaris lumbricoides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a large number of hookworms in the body?

<p>Anemia and fatigue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do humans get infected with ascariasis?

<p>By ingesting eggs accidentally (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the antiparasitic drug used to treat hookworm infection?

<p>Mebendazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that is the infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides?

<p>Egg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predisposing factor for ascariasis?

<p>Poverty and unsanitary conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the worldwide population infected with ascariasis?

<p>30% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a large number of worms in children?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can ascariasis be prevented?

<p>By washing hands and not ingesting soil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of interrupted blood supply to tissue?

<p>Necrosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of bacteria that causes Gas Gangrene?

<p>Gram-positive bacilli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which spores of Clostridium perfringens become active cells?

<p>Germination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens in Gas Gangrene?

<p>Alpha toxin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of gas and fluid-filled blisters in Gas Gangrene?

<p>They often form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by Clostridium perfringens?

<p>Gas Gangrene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that contributes to the development of Gas Gangrene?

<p>Low blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of the neurotoxin produced by C. tetani bacteria in tetanus infection?

<p>Blocking relaxation pathway in muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why tetani germinates in deep tissue?

<p>Absence of air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical outcome of untreated tetanus infection?

<p>Respiratory failure leading to death (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the DTaP, TDaP, and Td vaccines in preventing tetanus infection?

<p>To introduce a small dose of the toxin to stimulate immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical site of muscle stiffness and spasms in tetanus infection?

<p>Head, neck, and back muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) in tetanus treatment?

<p>To neutralize the toxin produced by the bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predisposing factor for tetanus infection?

<p>Direct contact with fomites, such as rusty nails or sharp objects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Coccidioidomycosis?

<p>Inhalation of airborne arthroconidia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the lifecycle of Coccidioides immitis?

<p>It has a complex lifecycle with multiple hosts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical habitat of the fungus that causes Histoplasmosis?

<p>River valleys and caves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of surgical debridement in treating gas gangrene?

<p>To remove necrotic tissue and prevent the spread of infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a treatment option for Histoplasmosis?

<p>Antifungals/antimycotics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Histoplasma capsulatum that allows it to infect humans?

<p>Its ability to exist in multiple forms, including yeast and mold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of the body of the hookworm?

<p>Hooked-shaped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Coccidioidomycosis?

<p>Mild flu-like symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir of Histoplasma capsulatum?

<p>Bird and bat droppings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the parasitic helminth that causes Hookworm Infection in the Americas?

<p>Necator americanus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of gas gangrene that makes it a common cause of death in wars?

<p>Its ability to progress quickly from initial injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a tuberculin skin test in diagnosing Histoplasmosis?

<p>To rule out Tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in treating gas gangrene?

<p>To deliver oxygen to the affected tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Histoplasmosis that makes it a systemic infection?

<p>Its ability to spread through the bloodstream (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a large number of hookworms in the body?

<p>Anemia and fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do humans get infected with hookworm?

<p>Through skin penetration of larvae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Ascaris lumbricoides?

<p>It is a parasitic helminth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of treatment for ascariasis?

<p>To eliminated adult worms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the habitat of Ascaris lumbricoides?

<p>Human intestine and soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of ascariasis?

<p>Through ingestion of eggs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a large number of worms in children?

<p>Impaired growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the antiparasitic drug used to treat hookworm infection?

<p>Mebendazole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of ascariasis worldwide?

<p>30% of the worldwide population (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for walking barefoot as a predisposing factor for hookworm infection?

<p>Because it increases the risk of skin penetration of larvae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of soilborne diseases?

<p>Direct contact with contaminated soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main portal of entry for soilborne pathogens?

<p>Skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Clostridium tetani?

<p>Gram-positive, obligate anaerobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best preventive measure for soilborne diseases?

<p>Moistening the soil to prevent aerosolization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment approach for soilborne diseases?

<p>Antiparasitic therapy and surgical debridement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of soilborne disease?

<p>Histoplasmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Tetanus?

<p>Direct contact with contaminated soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the virulence factor of Clostridium tetani?

<p>Tetanospasmin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical habitat of the fungus that causes Coccidioidomycosis?

<p>Desert soils of the American Southwest (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why amputation is often required in gas gangrene?

<p>Because the pathogen is anaerobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Histoplasmosis that distinguishes it from Tuberculosis?

<p>The test results require a negative tuberculin skin test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the lifecycle of Coccidioides immitis?

<p>Complex lifecycle involving arthroconidia and spherules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of Histoplasmosis?

<p>Inhalation of airborne arthroconidia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in Histoplasmosis?

<p>They provide a habitat for the fungus to grow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of Hookworm Infection?

<p>Flu-like symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why gas gangrene is a common cause of death in wars?

<p>Because it progresses quickly from initial injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Coccidioidomycosis?

<p>Antifungal therapy with Itraconazole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the form of Histoplasma capsulatum in the environment?

<p>Mold form (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of people with gas gangrene in a limb that require amputation?

<p>20-25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which Clostridium perfringens causes tissue damage in Gas Gangrene?

<p>Alpha toxin produced by the bacteria causing vascular and tissue damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a predisposing factor for Hookworm Infection?

<p>Walking barefoot in contaminated soil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the ischemic area that allows Clostridium perfringens spores to germinate and produce toxins?

<p>Low blood flow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the fungal infection that causes Histoplasmosis?

<p>It is a systemic infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phylum of the helminth that causes Hookworm Infection?

<p>Nematoda (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the lifecycle of Hookworm?

<p>Complex lifecycle involving multiple hosts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of debridement in treating gas gangrene?

<p>To remove necrotic tissue from the affected area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why Gas Gangrene is often associated with deep tissue wounds?

<p>The bacteria are obligate anaerobes and grow in low-oxygen environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between ischemia and necrosis in the context of Gas Gangrene?

<p>Ischemia is reversible, while necrosis is irreversible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the symptoms of Gas Gangrene?

<p>Severe pain and swelling, followed by rapid decline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of diagnosing Gas Gangrene?

<p>Symptoms and imaging tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the bacteria that causes Gas Gangrene?

<p>Gram-positive, anaerobic, and rod-shaped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of surgical debridement in treating Gas Gangrene?

<p>To remove dead tissue and promote healing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a large number of hookworms in the body?

<p>Anemia and fatigue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary habitat of Ascaris lumbricoides?

<p>Soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the development of ascariasis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of a large number of worms in children?

<p>Impaired growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of prevention for soilborne diseases?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of untreated hookworm infection?

<p>Anemia and fatigue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target of antiparasitic drugs in treating ascariasis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of ascariasis?

<p>Accidental ingestion of contaminated soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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