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Questions and Answers
What is the approximate thickness of the A layer of the continental crust?
What is the approximate thickness of the A layer of the continental crust?
Which layer of the continental crust is referred to as the Granite Layer?
Which layer of the continental crust is referred to as the Granite Layer?
What is the typical thickness range for the C layer of the continental crust?
What is the typical thickness range for the C layer of the continental crust?
What is the density range of the A layer of the continental crust?
What is the density range of the A layer of the continental crust?
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Which mineral-rich layer is described as SIMA?
Which mineral-rich layer is described as SIMA?
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What is the thickness of the oceanic crust compared to the continental crust layers?
What is the thickness of the oceanic crust compared to the continental crust layers?
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The average elevation of land on Earth is approximately how many meters?
The average elevation of land on Earth is approximately how many meters?
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How much of Earth's surface is covered by water?
How much of Earth's surface is covered by water?
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What happens to the edges of tectonic plates during the buildup of energy before an earthquake?
What happens to the edges of tectonic plates during the buildup of energy before an earthquake?
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What primarily causes the shaking of the earth during an earthquake?
What primarily causes the shaking of the earth during an earthquake?
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Which of the following accurately describes Earth's composition?
Which of the following accurately describes Earth's composition?
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Which three parts is Earth commonly differentiated into?
Which three parts is Earth commonly differentiated into?
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Which gas primarily makes up Earth's atmosphere?
Which gas primarily makes up Earth's atmosphere?
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What is the approximate age of Earth determined from radioactive dating?
What is the approximate age of Earth determined from radioactive dating?
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How does the atmosphere compare to the total mass of Earth?
How does the atmosphere compare to the total mass of Earth?
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What is the primary force that keeps the atmosphere around the planet?
What is the primary force that keeps the atmosphere around the planet?
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What does Pedology study in relation to soils?
What does Pedology study in relation to soils?
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Which aspect does Edaphology primarily focus on?
Which aspect does Edaphology primarily focus on?
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What is the purpose of Hypsometry in geological studies?
What is the purpose of Hypsometry in geological studies?
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What is the significance of a Fault Plane in the context of earthquakes?
What is the significance of a Fault Plane in the context of earthquakes?
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What term refers to the location below Earth's surface where an earthquake originates?
What term refers to the location below Earth's surface where an earthquake originates?
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Which field studies the relationship between crop production and soil science?
Which field studies the relationship between crop production and soil science?
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What instrument is used to record earthquakes?
What instrument is used to record earthquakes?
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What characteristic does Orography focus on in resilience to earthquakes?
What characteristic does Orography focus on in resilience to earthquakes?
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What are foreshocks related to earthquakes?
What are foreshocks related to earthquakes?
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What term is used to describe the recording made by seismographs?
What term is used to describe the recording made by seismographs?
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Which of the following factors affects the size of an earthquake?
Which of the following factors affects the size of an earthquake?
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What does the term 'Magnitude' refer to in the context of earthquakes?
What does the term 'Magnitude' refer to in the context of earthquakes?
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How does the length of wiggles on a seismogram relate to earthquakes?
How does the length of wiggles on a seismogram relate to earthquakes?
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What aspect primarily varies intensity of an earthquake experienced by an individual?
What aspect primarily varies intensity of an earthquake experienced by an individual?
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In the context of earthquake monitoring, what do short wiggles on a seismogram indicate?
In the context of earthquake monitoring, what do short wiggles on a seismogram indicate?
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Which layer of the Earth is defined as the stony part?
Which layer of the Earth is defined as the stony part?
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Which layer of the Earth is primarily composed of nickel and iron?
Which layer of the Earth is primarily composed of nickel and iron?
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What is the approximate thickness of the Earth's inner core?
What is the approximate thickness of the Earth's inner core?
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At what depth does the lower mantle begin?
At what depth does the lower mantle begin?
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Which type of crust is thicker on average?
Which type of crust is thicker on average?
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What is the density of the upper mantle?
What is the density of the upper mantle?
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What causes the movement of tectonic plates?
What causes the movement of tectonic plates?
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Which layer of the Earth 'floats' on top of the asthenosphere?
Which layer of the Earth 'floats' on top of the asthenosphere?
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What is the temperature range of the outer core?
What is the temperature range of the outer core?
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Study Notes
Soil Sciences
- Soils are a vital natural resource essential for agriculture and environmental management.
- Pedology studies soil formation, classification, physical, chemical, and fertility properties.
- Edaphology focuses on the influence of soils on plant growth and ecosystems.
- Agronomy involves crop production, biotechnology, and soil science applications.
- Hydrogeology examines groundwater distribution and transport through soils and rocks.
Topography
- Topography analyzes landforms and their evolutionary processes.
- Orography studies the distribution of mountains and topographic relief.
- Hypsometry measures the height and depth of physical features relative to mean sea level.
- Topography is essential for understanding physical features of the landscape.
Earthquake Dynamics
- Earthquakes occur when two blocks of the Earth's crust suddenly slip past each other.
- A fault (fault plane) is the surface where the slip occurs, and a hypocenter is the initial location of the earthquake beneath the surface.
- The epicenter is the point directly above the hypocenter on the Earth's surface.
- Foreshocks are smaller earthquakes that may precede a larger one; they cannot be identified until after.
Earth's Structure and Composition
- Earth is the third terrestrial planet, supporting life with a mean density of 5.5 g/cm³.
- Composed of three primary parts: Atmosphere, Lithosphere, and Hydrosphere.
Atmosphere
- The outer gaseous layer extends up to 700 km and retains minimal mass within the total Earth mass.
- It consists of multiple layers: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.
Lithosphere
- The rigid outer shell of Earth, composed of solid rock and extending from the surface downwards.
- Includes the crust (continental and oceanic), mantle, and core.
Hydrosphere
- Encompasses all natural water bodies on or below the Earth's surface, constituting 0.03% of Earth's mass.
- Critical for life sustainability.
Continental and Oceanic Crust
- Continental crust is characterized by three layers:
- A Layer (2-10 km thick, sedimentary rocks)
- B Layer (20 km or more thick, granite and gneiss)
- C Layer (25-40 km thick, basaltic composition)
- Oceanic crust, generally 5-7 km thick, is extensions of the C layer.
Earthquake Recording and Measurement
- Seismographs record earthquakes, producing a seismogram.
- Energy from an earthquake releases seismic waves that propagate outward, causing ground shaking.
- Magnitude of earthquakes is determined by seismographic data, with variations in intensity based on location during the event.
Earth Structure Statistics
- Earth is described as an oblate spheroid, with:
- Equatorial radius: 6378 km
- Polar radius: 6357 km
- Mean radius: 6371 km
- Surface area: 1.101 x 10^14 m², with 70.8% water cover and 29.2% land cover.
Core Composition
- Core consists primarily of nickel and iron, with an inner core being solid and outer core liquid.
- Temperatures range from 4,000°C to 7,000°C in the core, affecting tectonic activity.
Mantle Composition
- Mantle includes upper (5-50 km depth) and lower (720-2900 km depth) parts, with varying densities promoting plate tectonics.
Tectonic Plates
- When tectonic plates move, friction may cause them to get stuck, leading to energy accumulation until an earthquake occurs.
Key Term Definitions
- Fault Plane: Surface where blocks slip.
- Hypocenter: Initial earthquake location below the surface.
- Epicenter: Surface point above the hypocenter.
- Magnitude: Size of an earthquake determined by seismograph data.
- Foreshock: Smaller quake before a major quake.
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Description
Explore the intricate relationship between soils and their role as a vital natural resource. This quiz covers soil formation factors, classifications, and how they affect plant growth and living organisms. Delve into the various dimensions of pedology, edaphology, and agronomy as they relate to soil science.
