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Questions and Answers
What does DRE stand for in software quality metrics?
What does DRE stand for in software quality metrics?
What is the ideal value for Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE)?
What is the ideal value for Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE)?
Which of the following is NOT a size-oriented metric?
Which of the following is NOT a size-oriented metric?
Why are function-oriented metrics preferred in software measurement?
Why are function-oriented metrics preferred in software measurement?
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What does the formula DRE = E / (E + D) represent?
What does the formula DRE = E / (E + D) represent?
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What is the primary purpose of software process and project metrics?
What is the primary purpose of software process and project metrics?
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How does a metric differ from a measure?
How does a metric differ from a measure?
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Which attribute is NOT characteristic of effective metrics?
Which attribute is NOT characteristic of effective metrics?
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What is the role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in software development?
What is the role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in software development?
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Which of the following best describes software analytics?
Which of the following best describes software analytics?
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What decision areas can software analytics assist developers with?
What decision areas can software analytics assist developers with?
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Which of these characteristics makes a metric effective?
Which of these characteristics makes a metric effective?
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What is one of the primary reasons for employing software metrics?
What is one of the primary reasons for employing software metrics?
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What does the requirement specificity metric Q1 measure?
What does the requirement specificity metric Q1 measure?
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How is the customization index C calculated in mobile software requirements?
How is the customization index C calculated in mobile software requirements?
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What does the depth metric in morphology measure?
What does the depth metric in morphology measure?
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What does the Weighted Methods per Class (WMC) metric indicate?
What does the Weighted Methods per Class (WMC) metric indicate?
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Which metric is used to measure ergonomics in user interface design?
Which metric is used to measure ergonomics in user interface design?
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In the context of morphology metrics, what does 'size' represent?
In the context of morphology metrics, what does 'size' represent?
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How does the number of children (NOC) affect software testing in object-oriented design?
How does the number of children (NOC) affect software testing in object-oriented design?
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What does the software maturity index (SMI) indicate regarding a software product?
What does the software maturity index (SMI) indicate regarding a software product?
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Which formula correctly represents the calculation of the software maturity index (SMI)?
Which formula correctly represents the calculation of the software maturity index (SMI)?
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What do navigation metrics specifically address in static web applications?
What do navigation metrics specifically address in static web applications?
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What is one of the primary purposes of project metrics?
What is one of the primary purposes of project metrics?
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Which of the following is an indirect measure of the software product?
Which of the following is an indirect measure of the software product?
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According to the process metrics guidelines, how should metrics data indicating a problem area be perceived?
According to the process metrics guidelines, how should metrics data indicating a problem area be perceived?
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Which of the following statements is true about the measurement of software processes?
Which of the following statements is true about the measurement of software processes?
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What should be avoided when interpreting metrics data according to the process metrics guidelines?
What should be avoided when interpreting metrics data according to the process metrics guidelines?
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What is primarily measured to assess the productivity of a software process?
What is primarily measured to assess the productivity of a software process?
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Study Notes
Software Process and Project Metrics
- Quantitative measures used to understand the effectiveness of the software process and projects
- Provide insight into the efficacy of the software process
- Focus on project conducted using the process as a framework
Measures, Metrics, and Indicators
- Measure: A quantitative indication of the size, amount, or capacity of a product or process attribute
- Metric: A quantitative measure of the degree to which a system, component, or process possesses a given attribute
- Indicator: A metric or combination of metrics that provides insights into the software process, project, or product itself
Attributes of Effective Metrics
- Simple and computable: Easy to learn and derive
- Empirically and intuitively persuasive: Satisfies engineers' intuitive notions about product attributes
- Consistent and objective: Results are unambiguous, not open to interpretation
- Consistent units and dimensions: Computation does not lead to strange unit combinations
- Programming language independent: Metrics are based on the analysis, design, or program structure
- Effective mechanism for quality feedback: Provides information leading to higher quality end products
KPI and Software Analytics
- Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Metrics used to track performance and trigger remedial actions if values fall outside a predetermined range
- Software analytics: Systematic computational analysis of software engineering data to provide insights for managers and engineers, empowering better decisions
Software Analytics Applications
- Targeted testing: Identify areas for focused testing based on data
- Targeted refactoring: Determine where code improvements are most beneficial
- Release planning: Inform decisions about release schedule and scope
- Understanding customers: Gain insights into user behavior and preferences
- Judging stability: Evaluate software reliability and identify potential issues
- Targeting inspection: Focus code reviews on areas with higher risk
Requirements Model Metrics
-
Requirement Specificity: Measures the degree of ambiguity in requirements
- Formula: Q1 = nui / nr
- Where:
- nui is the number of requirements with unanimous interpretation from reviewers
- nr is the total number of requirements
- A Q1 close to 1 indicates good specificity
-
Total Requirements: The total number of requirements within a specification
- Formula: nr = nf + nnf
- Where:
- nf is the number of functional requirements
- nnf is the number of nonfunctional requirements
Mobile Software Requirements Model Metrics
- Number of Static Screen Displays (Nsp): The number of screens that do not change dynamically
- Number of Dynamic Screen Displays (Ndp): The number of screens that change based on user input or actions
-
Customization Index (C): Represents the ratio of dynamic screens to total screens
- Formula: C = Ndp / (Ndp + Nsp)
- C ranges from 0 to 1; higher values indicate greater customization
Morphology Metrics
- Focus on the relationship between modules and interfaces within a software system
-
Size: Measured as the total number of nodes and arcs in a module structure (n + a)
- Where:
- n is the number of nodes (modules)
- a is the number of arcs (interfaces)
- Where:
- Depth: The length of the longest path from root to leaf node
- Width: The maximum number of nodes at any single level in the module structure
Object-Oriented Design Metrics
- Weighted Methods per Class (WMC): Estimates the complexity and effort required to implement and test a class based on the number and complexity of its methods
- Depth of Inheritance Tree (DIT): Indicates the depth of the class hierarchy, with higher values representing more complex inheritance structures
- Number of Children (NOC): Represents the number of subclasses inheriting from a given class, implying the scale of testing required
User Interface Design Metrics
- Interface Metrics: Measure ergonomics factors like memory load, typing effort, recognition time, and layout complexity
- Aesthetic Metrics: Quantify aesthetic aspects like graphic design, typically qualitative but can include measures like word count, graphic percentage, and page size
- Content Metrics: Focus on the complexity of content and organization, including clusters of content objects grouped into pages
- Navigation Metrics: Assess the complexity of navigation flow, primarily applicable to static web applications
Maintenance Metrics
-
Software Maturity Index (SMI): Indicates the stability of a software product based on changes made over time
- Formula: SMI = [MT − (Fa + Fc + Fd)]/MT
- Where:
- MT is the number of modules in the current release
- Fc is the number of modules changed in the current release
- Fa is the number of modules added in the current release
- Fd is the number of modules deleted from previous releases
- A SMI approaching 1.0 indicates higher stability and fewer changes
-
Other Maintenance Metrics:
- Total number of defects detected after release
- Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF)
- Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)
Process and Project Metrics
- Process Metrics: Collected across multiple projects over extended periods to offer long-term improvement insights
-
Project Metrics: Help project managers to:
- Assess the status of ongoing projects
- Track potential risks
- Identify problem areas before they become critical
- Adjust workflows or tasks
- Evaluate the team's ability to control quality
Process Measurement
- Efficacy of a software process is measured indirectly through:
- Number of errors detected before release
- Defects reported by end users
- Work products delivered
- Human effort expended
- Calendar time invested
- Schedule conformance
- Other relevant measures
Process Metrics Guidelines
- Use common sense and organizational sensitivity when interpreting metrics data
- Provide regular feedback to individuals and teams collecting data
- Avoid using metrics to appraise individual performance
- Work with practitioners to set clear goals and relevant metrics
- Never use metrics to threaten individuals or teams
- Consider problem-indicating data as signals for improvement, not negative outcomes
- Do not focus solely on a single metric, consider multiple important metrics
Software Measurement
-
Direct measures of the software process:
- Cost and effort applied
-
Direct measures of the product:
- Lines of code (LOC) produced
- Execution speed
- Memory size
- Defects reported over a time period
-
Indirect measures of the product:
- Functionality
- Quality
- Complexity
- Efficiency
- Reliability
- Maintainability
Normalized Size-Oriented Metrics
- Metrics adjusted for the size of the software system, allowing for comparisons between projects of different scales
- Includes measures like :
- Errors per KLOC (thousand lines of code)
- Defects per KLOC
- R per LOC (R is a measure of functional complexity)
- Pages of documentation per KLOC
- Errors per person-month
- Errors per review hour
- LOC per person-month
- R per page of documentation
Why Opt For Function-Oriented Metrics
- Language independent, allowing for comparisons across different programming languages
- Use readily countable characteristics determined early in the software process
- Do not penalize inventive implementations with shorter code
- Make it easier to measure the impact of reusable components
Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE)
- Measures the effectiveness of quality assurance and control efforts at removing errors
- Formula: DRE = E / (E + D)
- Where:
- E is the number of errors discovered before software delivery
- D is the number of errors detected after delivery
- Ideal DRE value is 1.0 (no defects found by users after delivery)
- Higher DRE values indicate greater success in catching errors early
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Description
This quiz explores the quantitative measures used to evaluate the effectiveness of software processes and projects. It focuses on understanding measures, metrics, and indicators that provide insight into software attributes. Join to test your knowledge about effective metrics and their properties.
