Software Engineering - Version Management with Git
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What is one of the main advantages of using version control systems?

  • Allows parallel collaboration on branches (correct)
  • Improves hardware compatibility
  • Reduces code visibility among team members
  • Eliminates the need for backups

    • Which version control system is characterized by a 'single point of failure'?

  • Local Version Control System (LVCS)
  • Concurrent Version System (CVS)
  • Distributed Version Control System (DVCS)
  • Centralized Version Control System (CVCS) (correct)

    • What functionality does the command 'diff' provide in version control?

  • Manages user permissions
  • Shows differences between two text files (correct)
  • Compresses file sizes
  • Encrypts files

    • What is a common disadvantage of using Local Version Control Systems (LVCS)?

    <p>Makes collaborative work complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advantage is associated with Distributed Version Control Systems (DVCS)?

    <p>Each clone acts as a complete project backup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of using Centralized Version Control Systems (CVCS)?

    <p>Dependency on a central server can lead to issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might developers struggle initially with Distributed Version Control Systems?

    <p>They have complex initial configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a Distributed Version Control System?

    <p>Git</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method by which Git saves versions of files?

    <p>By saving only the differences between versions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the advantages of using a distributed version control system like Git?

    <p>Each developer works with their own complete repository.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Git handle unchanged files to optimize storage?

    <p>It stores a link to the previous identical file.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is having a central repository beneficial in practice, even though Git can function without it?

    <p>It serves as a canonical point of truth for the project.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables Git's ability to handle version storage efficiently?

    <p>Using delta compression coupled with zlib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a benefit of using Git?

    <p>Store all project versions indefinitely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of January 2023, how many developers were reported to be using GitHub?

    <p>Over 100 million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge faced by developers using a distributed version control system like Git?

    <p>Difficulty in merging changes from multiple sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command retrieves new data from a remote repository and may cause conflicts with the working copy?

    <p>git pull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using merge requests in collaborative projects?

    <p>To notify the repository owner about changes for validation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command would you use to remove a connection to an existing remote repository?

    <p>git remote rm [name]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When you clone a repository, what is the name of the default connection created?

    <p>origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct syntax for adding a new remote repository connection in Git?

    <p>git remote add [name] [url]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command lists the current remote repositories linked to a local repository?

    <p>git remote -v</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fork in Git?

    <p>A replica of a project that allows independent changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation would directly send modified data from the local repository to a remote repository?

    <p>git push</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the command used to initialize a git repository in an existing directory?

    <p>git init</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following states indicates that a file has been tracked and modified but not yet committed?

    <p>Modified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the command 'git commit -am "my comment"' do?

    <p>Adds and commits changes in tracked files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command is used to check the current status of files in a git repository?

    <p>git status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done to share committed files with other repositories?

    <p>Push</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command displays the revision history of commits in a git repository?

    <p>git log</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command marks a modified file so that its changes can be added to the next commit snapshot?

    <p>git add</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In git terminology, what does the term 'untracked' refer to?

    <p>Files that are not being followed by git</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'git diff' command show?

    <p>Modified lines in files</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would a file labeled as 'staged' indicate in git?

    <p>It is ready to be committed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command is suitable for tracking a new file in a git repository?

    <p>git add</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean to 'push' changes in git?

    <p>To upload local commits to a remote repository</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a command for interacting within a local repository?

    <p>git pull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of files are indicated by the term 'committed' in git?

    <p>Files that are fully stored in the local repository</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a blob in Git represent?

    <p>The content of a file as bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a tree object in Git?

    <p>To list directory content and handle metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the commit object in Git?

    <p>To point to the root of the tree and store metadata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the command 'git branch -d [branch name]' do?

    <p>Deletes the specified branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Git manage changes to branches?

    <p>HEAD pointer moves according to active branch changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fast-forward merge in Git?

    <p>When only the main branch has changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in a merge conflict during a Git merge?

    <p>Markers are added to the conflicted file for resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to create a new branch and switch to it immediately?

    <p>git checkout -b [branch name]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a remote repository?

    <p>To facilitate collaboration and synchronization between users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command would you use to retrieve new data from a remote repository without merging it into your working copy?

    <p>git fetch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when you run 'git checkout main' after making a commit in a branch?

    <p>It moves the HEAD pointer back to the main branch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the HEAD pointer indicate in Git?

    <p>The active branch you are currently working on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default name for the primary branch in a Git repository?

    <p>main</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command is used to create a new branch named bugfix123 from the main branch?

    <p>git checkout -b bugfix123</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command is used to stage changes before committing?

    <p>git add</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if the remote repository has changed before you push your changes?

    <p>Use git pull to retrieve changes and resolve conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command merges the bugfix123 branch into the main branch locally?

    <p>git checkout main &amp;&amp; git merge bugfix123</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After making changes, what is the correct command to create a commit with a message?

    <p>git commit -m 'message'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a pull request in the git workflow?

    <p>To review and merge changes from different branches via the web interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of executing 'git checkout main && git pull'?

    <p>It switches to the main branch and retrieves updates from the remote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If you encounter a conflict after merging, what should be done?

    <p>Edit the files to resolve the conflict manually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Software Engineering - Version Management with Git

    • Git is a version management tool for software projects, part of software engineering.
    • Versioning files allows going back to stable versions for corrections.
    • It keeps a record of all operations, including who made what changes and when.
    • Versioning facilitates teamwork by managing file locks and conflicts.
    • It guarantees file security, integrity, availability, and confidentiality.

    Versioning Systems

    • Versioning systems are based on "diff," comparing differences between files.
    • "Diff" has existed since the origin of Unix.
    • It allows for viewing differences and making changes to files.
    • Diff works with both text files and folders using the "diff" command in a terminal and in IDEs.

    Version Control Systems (VCS)

    • Different types of VCS exist:
      • Local Version Control System (LVCS)
      • Centralized Version Control System (CVCS)
      • Distributed Version Control System (DVCS)
    • Examples of VCS: CVS (1990), Subversion (2000)
    • Some French terms exist: Logiciel de gestion de version (LGV), Système de gestion de Version (SGV)

    Local Version Control System (LVCS)

    • Simple system where the version history is stored locally on one computer
    • Can be prone to errors.
    • Difficult to collaborate with others.
    • Examples include SCCS (1972), RCS (1982).

    Centralized Version Control System (CVCS)

    • Centralized system for collaborative working.
    • One central database stores all versions.
    • One 'single point of failure' (network problem, hard disk failure means backups are needed)
    • Collaboration requires communication with the central server.
    • Examples include CVS (1990), Subversion (2000).

    Distributed Version Control System (DVCS)

    • Facilitates offline work, making copies locally.
    • Each copy is a complete backup of the project, aiding offline functionality.
    • Easier to collaborate than CVCS since each developer can work independently.
    • Synchronization occurs when desired.
    • Examples include Git (2005), Mercurial.

    How Versions Are Stored

    • The complete project isn't stored every time; only changes are recorded.
    • Local/centralized VCS stores all files initially and then tracks changes (delta-based).
    • Distributed VCS (like Git) uses delta compression and stores files only once, saving only file differences.
    • Git stores snapshots of a miniature filesystem.
    • Unchanged files are linked to previous identical files.

    Why Git?

    • GitHub has over 100 million developers and more than 372 million repositories (2023).
    • Git is the world's largest source code host.
    • Git offers a complete backup of the project stored in each copy.

    Git in Practice

    • In practice, a centralized repository (e.g., on GitHub, GitLab) is often used for collaboration, facilitating a centralized point of truth for all developers.
    • Git provides independence for developers but requires coordination during merges.

    Git Benefits

    • Work Offline: sync your local repository later, simplifying your work wherever you have access to internet.
    • Code Comparison: easily compare versions over time.
    • Undo Changes: revert to older, more stable versions quickly.
    • Secure Storage: hard to lose information due to how Git saves versions.

    Git Principles

    • Each developer has a local copy (a "clone") of the repository.
    • Multiple commands (e.g., add, commit, status, log, etc.) manage operations in local repositories.
    • Synchronization commands facilitate communication between local and remote repositories.
    • Branching and tagging organize different work stages and versions.

    Local File Status in Git

    • Untracked: file not managed by Git.
    • Modified: file tracked by Git, changed but not stashed.
    • Staged: modified file marked for next commit snapshot.
    • Committed: file stored in local Git repository.

    Sharing Committed Files

    • Committed files remain local.
    • Sharing is done with "push" or "merge request".
    • Sharing allows collaboration with other repositories.

    Local Repository Management - Commands

    • General format: git <command> [options]
    • Commands include init, add, commit, status, diff, and log. They help manage your local Git repository.

    Demo 1 & 2

    • Demonstrates how to use basic Git commands, initializing a repository, adding files, managing commits, and modifying files.

    What a Version Contains

    • Blobs: store only file content as raw bytes.
    • Trees: list directory content and link to individual blobs.
    • Commits: store snapshots, metadata, and a pointer to the parent commit, enabling versioning.

    Successive Commits

    • Each commit points to its parent commit to enable reversion to earlier versions.

    Branches

    • Branches are used to organize developments.
    • Feature development occurs on separate branches.
    • Stable features are then merged into the main branch.

    Git Branching Commands

    • Include git branch, git checkout, git merge, and more. These manage branches, switching between them, and merging changes.

    Merging Branches

    • Fast forward merge: one branch ahead of another, easily merged.
    • Complex merge: multiple branches diverged, involving merging commits using git merge potentially causing conflicts.

    Remote Repository

    • Remote repositories (hosted on platforms like GitHub or GitLab) allow storing projects and enabling centralized collaboration.

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    Related Documents

    CI1 Git Version Management PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of version management in software engineering, focusing on Git as a tool. Learn about versioning systems, the concept of 'diff', and various types of Version Control Systems (VCS) used in software projects. Test your knowledge on how these concepts facilitate teamwork and file management.

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