Software Engineering Process and Project Management

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of 'Software Maintenance'?

  • Fixing bugs, improving performance, and addressing customer needs (correct)
  • Completely rewriting the software from scratch
  • Designing a new user interface
  • Adding new features and functionalities

Which of the following is NOT a common reason why fixing a bug can introduce new bugs?

  • The bug fix itself contains errors
  • The fix changes system behavior in unforeseen ways
  • The fix may introduce dependencies on other software components
  • The fix utilizes a completely different programming language (correct)

What is the relationship between 'Requirements' and 'Testing' in the software engineering process?

  • Testing is performed at the end of the process, after the requirements are finalized.
  • Testing is not related to the requirements. They are independent steps.
  • Testing is used to validate that the software fulfills the defined requirements. (correct)
  • Requirements are developed based on the results of testing.

Which of the following tasks is typically involved in 'Deployment' of a software system?

<p>Training users on how to use the new system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a 'Software Engineer' and a 'Programmer'?

<p>Software engineers are licensed professionals, while programmers are not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options best describes the key tasks in the detailed design phase of software development?

<p>Understanding requirements, designing interfaces, and defining data structures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of encapsulation in object-oriented programming?

<p>Allows for easier code reuse and reduces the risk of errors by hiding data and logic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key concept in object-oriented design?

<p>Concurrency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of object-oriented programming, how does abstraction differ from encapsulation?

<p>Abstraction focuses on defining a common interface, while encapsulation hides implementation details. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which data structure operates on a last-in-last-out (LIFO) principle?

<p>Stack (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In detailed design, which of the following is NOT one of the key tasks?

<p>User acceptance testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using an object-oriented design (OOD) approach over procedural design?

<p>OOD makes it easier to debug and maintain code due to its modularity and reusability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are UML diagrams primarily used for in the design process?

<p>Modeling both structure and behavior of the system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is concerned with the degree to which a component depends on other components?

<p>Coupling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common method for documenting detailed design?

<p>Software design specification (SDS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a skill required for software engineers?

<p>Graphic design expertise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the basic tasks of software engineering?

<p>Requirement gathering (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a queue data structure?

<p>Elements are processed in a first-in-first-out manner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically included in a software design document (SDD)?

<p>Marketing strategy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The COCOMO Model is used for what purpose?

<p>Software cost estimation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model estimates software project cost based on a single variable?

<p>Static Single Variable Model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of evaluating detailed design?

<p>To identify potential faults in the design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas does risk management NOT address?

<p>Enhancing software aesthetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between science and engineering?

<p>Science provides the foundational principles that engineering applies in real-world applications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of team-based group projects in software engineering?

<p>Collaboration and role distribution among members (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of software cost estimation models?

<p>To accurately determine effort, cost, and development time for projects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do functional requirements provide for a project?

<p>Detailed statements of desired capabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes non-functional requirements?

<p>Statements about the quality of product behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major advantage of distributed architecture?

<p>Resource sharing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym FURPS stand for in the context of system requirements?

<p>Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance, Supportability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which requirement category focuses on the conditions under which the product must operate?

<p>Operational requirements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design principle focuses on minimizing interdependencies between components?

<p>Coupling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diagram is used for modeling discrete behavior through finite state transitions?

<p>State transition diagram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In risk management, what is considered when evaluating a project's likelihood and severity?

<p>Likelihood of risks and their potential impact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of distributed architecture?

<p>Resource sharing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do system requirements ensure for hardware or software applications?

<p>They define business and user requirements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does decomposition help achieve in software design?

<p>Simplification of complex problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using documentation in project management?

<p>To facilitate communication and clarity among stakeholders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which architecture is characterized by components working collaboratively over a network?

<p>Distributed architecture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the models used for software cost estimation?

<p>COCOMO (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which UML diagram shows object interactions in a sequential order?

<p>Sequence diagram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does higher cohesion in a software module indicate?

<p>Better intra-dependency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

System Requirements

Configuration a system needs for hardware or software to operate efficiently.

Functional Requirements

Detailed statements of desired project capabilities and features.

Non-Functional Requirements

Statements about the quality or constraints of the product's behavior.

FURPS

A model for categorizing system requirements: Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance, Supportability.

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Gantt Chart

A visual representation of a project schedule, showing tasks over time.

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Critical Path Method

A project management technique that identifies the longest sequence of dependent tasks.

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Risk Management

The process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks, followed by coordinated efforts to minimize the impact.

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Software Cost Estimation Models

Techniques used to estimate the cost of software development, such as COCOMO.

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Software Engineering

The discipline of designing, implementing, and maintaining software.

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Requirements Gathering

The process of collecting and defining what users need from software.

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COCOMO Model

A model for estimating the cost and effort of software projects.

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Static Single Variable Model

Estimates effort, cost, and time based on one variable.

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Static Multi-Variable Model

Estimates effort, cost, and time using multiple factors.

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Software Testing

The process of evaluating software to ensure it meets requirements.

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Team Collaboration

Working together in groups to achieve project goals.

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Requirement in Software Engineering

A documented physical or functional need a design aims to satisfy.

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Software Deployment

The process of bringing software into effective operational use.

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Software Maintenance

Modifications made post-delivery to improve or fix the software.

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Bug Fixing

Correcting errors in code which may introduce new issues.

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Software Design Document

A comprehensive description of the software architecture and components.

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Encapsulation

The hiding of information to restrict access to an object's internal workings.

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Abstraction

Hiding implementation details using abstract classes and interfaces.

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Implementation Plan

A structured approach outlining how to execute a project or component.

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Data Design

The process of defining the data structures required for software operation.

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Software Quality Assurance

A process to ensure that Software meets specified requirements and standards.

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Coupling

The degree to which components are dependent on each other in software design.

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Cohesion

The degree to which elements of a module belong together, indicating functionality.

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UML Diagrams

Unified Modeling Language diagrams used to visualize system design, including structure and behavior.

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Class Diagram

A structure diagram in UML that shows classes, attributes, and relationships.

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Use Case Diagram

A behavior diagram in UML that illustrates interactions between users and the system.

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Data Structure

A specific way of organizing and storing data for efficient access and modification.

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Stack

A data structure that follows Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) principle.

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Queue

A data structure that follows First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle.

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Event-Driven Architecture

A software architecture pattern that responds to events generated by external or internal sources.

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State Transition Diagram

A diagram that models discrete behaviors through states and transitions based on events.

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Distributed Architecture

An architecture where components are located on different networked platforms collaborating towards a common goal.

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Decomposition

The process of breaking down complex problems or systems into manageable parts.

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Sequence Diagram

A UML diagram that shows how objects interact in a time-ordered sequence.

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Architecture Design Principles

Guiding rules such as cohesion, coupling, and decomposition for effective software architecture.

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Study Notes

Software Engineering Process

  • Software engineering involves requirement gathering, high-level design, low-level design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance
  • Requirements are documented physical or functional needs of a design, product, or process
  • System design involves decomposition, specifications, and tool selection
  • Software design documents include data flow, object-oriented design, and UML diagrams
  • Deployment includes new system setup, user training, on-site support, and bug fixes
  • Software maintenance modifies a product to correct faults or improve performance
  • Software engineers require computer skills/languages, problem-solving, logical thinking, communication skills, and teamwork
  • Software engineers are different from developers and programmers

Project Management Tools

  • Software cost estimation models like COCOMO are used for estimating cost, effort, and development time for software projects
  • COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model) is a model created by Barry Boehm
  • Static Single Variable Model estimates effort, cost and development time for single-variable software projects
  • Static Multi-Variable Model estimates for multiple internal/external variables
  • Risk management is the process of understanding and managing risk events to improve success and reduce threats

Requirements Categorization

  • Requirements are categorized in functional and non-functional types
  • Functional requirements describe project capabilities, including business rules
  • Non-functional requirements specify quality/constraints about the product, including performance and operational aspects
  • Requirements can be categorized via FURPS (Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance, Supportability) or FURPS+
  • System requirements specify necessary hardware or software configuration for application functionality
  • Requirements differ based on whether they're functional or non-functional

Requirements Elicitation Techniques

  • Domain analysis involves understanding business context; increasing software quality, project duration, and product quality
  • Brainstorming is a group creativity technique for finding conclusions
  • Osborn's method (quantity, withhold criticism, combination, improvement): generating creative solutions

Software Design

  • UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a general-purpose notation for complex software, particularly large object-oriented projects
  • It includes behavior diagrams (state machine/transition and sequence)
  • Decomposition is breaking a complex problem into smaller, manageable parts
  • Cohesion is the interdependence within a module; high cohesion is preferable
  • Coupling is the interdependence among modules; low coupling is preferable

Object-Oriented Design

  • Encapsulation is hiding internal object information for better maintainability, reliability, and reusability
  • Abstracting is hiding implementation details for better maintainability, reliability, and reusability
  • OOP concepts: Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction, Encapsulation, and more
  • POD vs. OOD: Procedural-Oriented vs. Object-Oriented designs in software projects

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