Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which characteristic indicates that the waterfall model would be suitable for a project?
Which characteristic indicates that the waterfall model would be suitable for a project?
- Development team have experience with similar projects (correct)
- Customer feedback is constant and influential
- Integration occurs continuously throughout development
- Requirements are poorly defined and frequently change
What aspect of the iterative waterfall model is not considered a known shortcoming?
What aspect of the iterative waterfall model is not considered a known shortcoming?
- Integration is done in smaller parts throughout (correct)
- Can give a false impression of progress
- All requirements must be known upfront
- Little opportunity for customer to pre-view the system
Which of the following is a characteristic of the iterative waterfall model?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the iterative waterfall model?
- Customer interactions occur only at the beginning
- Strong management control with planning and tracking (correct)
- Minimal requirements definition before project starts
- Extensive code reuse inherent in the model
Why are milestones significant in the iterative waterfall model?
Why are milestones significant in the iterative waterfall model?
What is a potential issue when using the waterfall model?
What is a potential issue when using the waterfall model?
Which of the following accurately describes the iterative waterfall model's requirements handling?
Which of the following accurately describes the iterative waterfall model's requirements handling?
Which scenario suggests the need for a non-waterfall development approach?
Which scenario suggests the need for a non-waterfall development approach?
What type of customer interaction is characteristic of the iterative waterfall model?
What type of customer interaction is characteristic of the iterative waterfall model?
Which of the following statements is not true regarding a data flow diagram (DFD)?
Which of the following statements is not true regarding a data flow diagram (DFD)?
In the context of a procedural design approach, which task is performed during the detailed design phase?
In the context of a procedural design approach, which task is performed during the detailed design phase?
What characterizes a function-oriented design approach?
What characterizes a function-oriented design approach?
Which element should not be present in a context diagram?
Which element should not be present in a context diagram?
A data flow diagram primarily illustrates which aspect of a system?
A data flow diagram primarily illustrates which aspect of a system?
Which of the following is a primary goal of a software requirements specification (SRS) document?
Which of the following is a primary goal of a software requirements specification (SRS) document?
During the requirements analysis phase, which option is NOT typically weeded out?
During the requirements analysis phase, which option is NOT typically weeded out?
During the detailed design phase in procedural design, which element focuses on individual module needs?
During the detailed design phase in procedural design, which element focuses on individual module needs?
In which way does a top-down design approach differ from a bottom-up approach?
In which way does a top-down design approach differ from a bottom-up approach?
Which of the following options can be classified as functional requirements?
Which of the following options can be classified as functional requirements?
What is the primary purpose of code review within the context of pair programming?
What is the primary purpose of code review within the context of pair programming?
Based on a use case diagram, what is the usual criterion for determining the number of boundary classes?
Based on a use case diagram, what is the usual criterion for determining the number of boundary classes?
In requirement analysis, which of the following would likely be considered a constraint?
In requirement analysis, which of the following would likely be considered a constraint?
What is a significant characteristic of non-functional requirements?
What is a significant characteristic of non-functional requirements?
What type of relationship should be modeled between the Country class and Border class?
What type of relationship should be modeled between the Country class and Border class?
In identifying objects from a natural language problem description, which part is most likely to represent objects?
In identifying objects from a natural language problem description, which part is most likely to represent objects?
Which of the following best describes a constraint in software requirements?
Which of the following best describes a constraint in software requirements?
Identifying inconsistencies in requirements is essential because it helps to ensure which of the following?
Identifying inconsistencies in requirements is essential because it helps to ensure which of the following?
Which of the following is specifically excluded from a context diagram representation?
Which of the following is specifically excluded from a context diagram representation?
How many controller classes should be designed based on a use case diagram with five specific use cases?
How many controller classes should be designed based on a use case diagram with five specific use cases?
Which of the following best describes a quaternary association relation?
Which of the following best describes a quaternary association relation?
Which of the following statements about entity classes is false?
Which of the following statements about entity classes is false?
When defining a Country class, what is the role of a Border class?
When defining a Country class, what is the role of a Border class?
In determining the number of boundary classes, what is a consideration when analyzing a use case diagram?
In determining the number of boundary classes, what is a consideration when analyzing a use case diagram?
Which of the following statements is not an implication of the pesticide paradox?
Which of the following statements is not an implication of the pesticide paradox?
Which approach to testing is least supported by the findings on the pesticide paradox?
Which approach to testing is least supported by the findings on the pesticide paradox?
What may occur if software is only tested at the system level?
What may occur if software is only tested at the system level?
Which of the following statements aligns with the reasoning behind implementing multiple testing levels?
Which of the following statements aligns with the reasoning behind implementing multiple testing levels?
What is a possible drawback of exclusively focusing on the most promising testing methodologies?
What is a possible drawback of exclusively focusing on the most promising testing methodologies?
What is one primary benefit of testing a software program at the unit, integration, and system levels rather than only at the system level?
What is one primary benefit of testing a software program at the unit, integration, and system levels rather than only at the system level?
Why might repeated application of a testing methodology be ineffective according to the pesticide paradox?
Why might repeated application of a testing methodology be ineffective according to the pesticide paradox?
To improve the effectiveness of software testing, what strategy is indicated by the pesticide paradox?
To improve the effectiveness of software testing, what strategy is indicated by the pesticide paradox?
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Study Notes
Iterative Waterfall Model
- Easy to understand and use, especially by inexperienced staff
- Milestones are well understood by the team
- Provides requirements stability during development
- Strong management control (planning, staffing, tracking etc) on the project
Waterfall Model Development
- Requirements are well defined and stable
- Technology is understood
- Development team have experience with similar projects
Shortcomings of the Iterative Waterfall Model
- All requirements must be known upfront
- Can give a false impression of progress
- Integration is one big bang at the end
- Little opportunity for customer to pre-view the system
Pair Programming
- Suitable for code review as all production code is written with two programmers at one machine
Requirements Analysis Goals
- Weed out ambiguities in the requirements
- Weed out inconsistencies in the requirements
- Weed out incompleteness in the requirements
Software Requirements Specification (SRS) Document
- Discusses:
- Functional requirements
- Non-functional requirements
- Constraints on the implementation
- Does not discuss:
- Design specification
- Resource allocation for the project
Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Model
- Hierarchical diagram
- Represents decomposition of functions and data into finer forms
- Does not represent:
- Code structure
- Decisions and control flows
- The sequence in which the different processes are invoked
Procedural Design Approach: Detailed Design Stage
- Data structures and algorithms for the individual modules are designed
Function-Oriented Design Approach
- Top-down approach
Context Diagram
- Represents the software at the most abstract level
- Does not represent:
- Module Interactions
- Module structure
Object-Oriented Design (OOD)
- Defines a unary association on Country class
Informal Description of a Programming Problem
- Some of the nouns represent objects
Use Case Diagram
- Boundary classes equal the number of interactions among users and use cases
- Controller classes equal the number of use cases
Identifying Entity Classes from a Problem Description
- Entity classes usually appear as data stores in a DFD model
Software Testing Levels
- Unit
- Integration
- System
Pesticide Paradox
- Software should be tested by successive application of a wide range of testing methodologies
- Testing methodology is effective for certain types of errors
- Does not imply:
- A software can be tested by repeated application of a testing methodology
- A software should be tested by deploying the most promising among all the testing methodologies
Function Testing
- Function takes an integer a (0 to 100) as its argument
- Contains a variable b that is set and displayed based on the value of a
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