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In the Apology, after being found guilty, Socrates is given the opportunity to ____ his own _____. Rather than suggesting a _____ punishment, in a poor attempt of employing _____ to highlight the _____ of the ______ against him, Socrates _____ asks to be rewarded with free meals for life in the ______, a place where honored citizens of _____ dined. He justifies this by arguing that he has benefited the city by encouraging _____ and critical thinking among the _____, and therefore deserves to be treated like a _____. He truly does not believe he has corrupted the youth or acted _____, and feels justified in asking for a reward rather than fearing punishment. When this suggestion is rejected, Socrates proposes a minimal ____, only to ultimately be sentenced to death.
In the Apology, after being found guilty, Socrates is given the opportunity to ____ his own _____. Rather than suggesting a _____ punishment, in a poor attempt of employing _____ to highlight the _____ of the ______ against him, Socrates _____ asks to be rewarded with free meals for life in the ______, a place where honored citizens of _____ dined. He justifies this by arguing that he has benefited the city by encouraging _____ and critical thinking among the _____, and therefore deserves to be treated like a _____. He truly does not believe he has corrupted the youth or acted _____, and feels justified in asking for a reward rather than fearing punishment. When this suggestion is rejected, Socrates proposes a minimal ____, only to ultimately be sentenced to death.
In the Apology, after being found guilty, Socrates is given the opportunity to propose his own punishment. Rather than suggesting a traditional punishment, in a poor attempt of employing irony to highlight the absurdity of the charges against him, Socrates provocatively asks to be rewarded with free meals for life in the Prytaneum, a place where honored citizens of Athens dined. He justifies this by arguing that he has benefited the city by encouraging virtue and critical thinking among the youth, and therefore deserves to be treated like a benefactor. He truly does not believe he has corrupted the youth or acted unjustly, and feels justified in asking for a reward rather than fearing punishment. When this suggestion is rejected, Socrates proposes a minimal fine, only to ultimately be sentenced to death.
Despite his friend Crito’s plea, Socrates refuses to flee, basing his decision on a few key principles. (1) Socrates argues that escaping would violate his deeply held belief in ________ and obedience to the ________ of Athens. He reasons that, by living in Athens for his entire life and benefiting from its laws, he has implicitly agreed to abide by them, even when the outcomes are ________. Escaping would mean breaking that social ________. (2) Moreover, Socrates views life as not merely about survival but about living a ________ and virtuous life. For him, fleeing would undermine his philosophy and principles. He remains committed to upholding ________, even if it leads to his ________.
Despite his friend Crito’s plea, Socrates refuses to flee, basing his decision on a few key principles. (1) Socrates argues that escaping would violate his deeply held belief in ________ and obedience to the ________ of Athens. He reasons that, by living in Athens for his entire life and benefiting from its laws, he has implicitly agreed to abide by them, even when the outcomes are ________. Escaping would mean breaking that social ________. (2) Moreover, Socrates views life as not merely about survival but about living a ________ and virtuous life. For him, fleeing would undermine his philosophy and principles. He remains committed to upholding ________, even if it leads to his ________.
Despite his friend Crito’s plea, Socrates refuses to flee, basing his decision on a few key principles. (1) Socrates argues that escaping would violate his deeply held belief in justice and obedience to the laws of Athens. He reasons that, by living in Athens for his entire life and benefiting from its laws, he has implicitly agreed to abide by them, even when the outcomes are unfavorable. Escaping would mean breaking that social contract. (2) Moreover, Socrates views life as not merely about survival but about living a just and virtuous life. For him, fleeing would undermine his philosophy and principles. He remains committed to upholding justice, even if it leads to his death.
Glaucon asks Socrates to show that justice belongs to the highest class of goods, those that are valued both for their own sake and for their ________. (1) Goods that are valued for their own sake, things we enjoy purely for the ________ they provide. For example, simple pleasures like savoring a delicious meal are valued purely for the ________ they offer. (2) Goods that are valued only for their consequences, things we pursue not because they are inherently enjoyable but because they lead to something ________. For example, medical treatment or exercise might be unpleasant, but we endure them. In Glaucon’s view, many people treat justice this way — they practice it not because they value it for its own sake but because it prevents negative ________. (3) Goods that are valued both for their own sake and for their consequences: these are the highest kinds of goods; are desirable in themselves; and also bring beneficial ________. An example might be knowledge or ________.
Glaucon asks Socrates to show that justice belongs to the highest class of goods, those that are valued both for their own sake and for their ________. (1) Goods that are valued for their own sake, things we enjoy purely for the ________ they provide. For example, simple pleasures like savoring a delicious meal are valued purely for the ________ they offer. (2) Goods that are valued only for their consequences, things we pursue not because they are inherently enjoyable but because they lead to something ________. For example, medical treatment or exercise might be unpleasant, but we endure them. In Glaucon’s view, many people treat justice this way — they practice it not because they value it for its own sake but because it prevents negative ________. (3) Goods that are valued both for their own sake and for their consequences: these are the highest kinds of goods; are desirable in themselves; and also bring beneficial ________. An example might be knowledge or ________.
Glaucon asks Socrates to show that justice belongs to the highest class of goods, those that are valued both for their own sake and for their consequences. (1) Goods that are valued for their own sake, things we enjoy purely for the pleasure they provide. For example, simple pleasures like savoring a delicious meal are valued purely for the experience they offer. (2) Goods that are valued only for their consequences, things we pursue not because they are inherently enjoyable but because they lead to something beneficial. For example, medical treatment or exercise might be unpleasant, but we endure them. In Glaucon’s view, many people treat justice this way — they practice it not because they value it for its own sake but because it prevents negative consequences. (3) Goods that are valued both for their own sake and for their consequences: these are the highest kinds of goods; are desirable in themselves; and also bring beneficial consequences. An example might be knowledge or health.
The principle of ________ states that the same thing cannot do or undergo opposite actions at the same time and in the same ________. In other words, something cannot both be and not be the same thing simultaneously under the same ________. Socrates applies this principle to demonstrate that the soul must have different ________ because humans often experience conflicting desires. For example, a person might feel thirsty (a desire for something) but simultaneously resist ________ (a rational decision to refrain). In this case, Socrates identifies one part of the soul responsible for desire (the ________ part) and another part responsible for rational decision-making (the ________ part). According to the principle of non-contradiction, since the same part of the soul cannot both desire and resist something at the same time, there must be two distinct parts of the soul ________.
The principle of ________ states that the same thing cannot do or undergo opposite actions at the same time and in the same ________. In other words, something cannot both be and not be the same thing simultaneously under the same ________. Socrates applies this principle to demonstrate that the soul must have different ________ because humans often experience conflicting desires. For example, a person might feel thirsty (a desire for something) but simultaneously resist ________ (a rational decision to refrain). In this case, Socrates identifies one part of the soul responsible for desire (the ________ part) and another part responsible for rational decision-making (the ________ part). According to the principle of non-contradiction, since the same part of the soul cannot both desire and resist something at the same time, there must be two distinct parts of the soul ________.
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Utilitarianism judges actions based on their ________—specifically, whether they maximize overall ________ or utility. Kantian ethics evaluates actions based on adherence to moral ________ or principles, regardless of the result. You are hiding a friend, and a person comes to the door asking if your friend is inside, with the clear intent to ________ them. Should you lie? A utilitarian would argue that lying is the right thing to do. By lying, you prevent harm to your friend, which maximizes overall well-being and minimizes ________. The consequences outweigh the moral wrong of lying. Kantian ethics would say that lying is morally ________, regardless of the result. According to Kant, you must act according to maxims that can be universally ________. Since lying cannot be universally willed without contradiction, it is always morally wrong to lie. I would argue that utilitarianism—saving a life—should be the more significant moral imperative than the duty to always tell the ________.
Utilitarianism judges actions based on their ________—specifically, whether they maximize overall ________ or utility. Kantian ethics evaluates actions based on adherence to moral ________ or principles, regardless of the result. You are hiding a friend, and a person comes to the door asking if your friend is inside, with the clear intent to ________ them. Should you lie? A utilitarian would argue that lying is the right thing to do. By lying, you prevent harm to your friend, which maximizes overall well-being and minimizes ________. The consequences outweigh the moral wrong of lying. Kantian ethics would say that lying is morally ________, regardless of the result. According to Kant, you must act according to maxims that can be universally ________. Since lying cannot be universally willed without contradiction, it is always morally wrong to lie. I would argue that utilitarianism—saving a life—should be the more significant moral imperative than the duty to always tell the ________.
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Kant distinguishes between two types of contradictions that can arise when testing whether a ________ (a principle guiding action) can be ________ as part of his categorical imperative. Contradiction in conception occurs when the very idea of universalizing a maxim leads to a logical ________. The maxim, if applied universally, would be impossible because it would undermine the ________ it depends on. For example, the maxim of lying cannot be conceived as a universal law without ________. Contradiction in willing happens when universalizing a maxim is logically ________ but leads to a situation that no rational being would will. For instance, if someone refused to help others in need (while still wanting help when they need it), they would find themselves in a world where no one helps each other. While this is ________, a rational person would not will to live in such a world.
Kant distinguishes between two types of contradictions that can arise when testing whether a ________ (a principle guiding action) can be ________ as part of his categorical imperative. Contradiction in conception occurs when the very idea of universalizing a maxim leads to a logical ________. The maxim, if applied universally, would be impossible because it would undermine the ________ it depends on. For example, the maxim of lying cannot be conceived as a universal law without ________. Contradiction in willing happens when universalizing a maxim is logically ________ but leads to a situation that no rational being would will. For instance, if someone refused to help others in need (while still wanting help when they need it), they would find themselves in a world where no one helps each other. While this is ________, a rational person would not will to live in such a world.
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Liberto's view on overextensive sexual promises suggests that such promises may extend beyond reasonable or ________ expectations in sexual relationships. An overextensive promise could be a commitment or assurance that involves unrealistic guarantees about emotional ________, fidelity, or future ________. For instance, a person might promise their partner that they will never find anyone else ________ or that they will never desire anyone else ________. This promise sets an unrealistic standard, as human emotions and attractions can be complex and ________. A partner might promise to always be emotionally available and responsive to the other's needs, regardless of their own ________. This can lead to neglecting personal needs and ________, which is neither healthy nor sustainable. Such overextensive promises can create pressure in relationships, lead to disappointment, and ultimately result in feelings of ________ or inadequacy if those promises cannot be ________.
Liberto's view on overextensive sexual promises suggests that such promises may extend beyond reasonable or ________ expectations in sexual relationships. An overextensive promise could be a commitment or assurance that involves unrealistic guarantees about emotional ________, fidelity, or future ________. For instance, a person might promise their partner that they will never find anyone else ________ or that they will never desire anyone else ________. This promise sets an unrealistic standard, as human emotions and attractions can be complex and ________. A partner might promise to always be emotionally available and responsive to the other's needs, regardless of their own ________. This can lead to neglecting personal needs and ________, which is neither healthy nor sustainable. Such overextensive promises can create pressure in relationships, lead to disappointment, and ultimately result in feelings of ________ or inadequacy if those promises cannot be ________.
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In this scenario, Thomson asks us to imagine waking up connected to a famous unconscious ________ whose life depends on being physiologically connected to you for nine ________. If you were to disconnect from him, he would ________. The scenario challenges the idea that being responsible for another's life (in this case, the violinist) automatically obligates you to sustain it. It raises the question of whether consent to ________ (which can lead to pregnancy) implies consent to carry a ________ to term. It also emphasizes the importance of bodily ________—your right to control what happens to your body. Just because someone needs your body to survive does not mean you are morally obligated to provide that ________. Moreover, the experiment encourages us to consider the moral distinction between ________ (actively causing death) and letting die (withdrawing support). It suggests that withdrawing support does not equate to ________ in the same way as actively killing someone does.
In this scenario, Thomson asks us to imagine waking up connected to a famous unconscious ________ whose life depends on being physiologically connected to you for nine ________. If you were to disconnect from him, he would ________. The scenario challenges the idea that being responsible for another's life (in this case, the violinist) automatically obligates you to sustain it. It raises the question of whether consent to ________ (which can lead to pregnancy) implies consent to carry a ________ to term. It also emphasizes the importance of bodily ________—your right to control what happens to your body. Just because someone needs your body to survive does not mean you are morally obligated to provide that ________. Moreover, the experiment encourages us to consider the moral distinction between ________ (actively causing death) and letting die (withdrawing support). It suggests that withdrawing support does not equate to ________ in the same way as actively killing someone does.
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In Kantian ethics, an action ________ if the principle behind it (the maxim) can be consistently applied to everyone without ________. If the action does not pass this test, it means that it leads to an undesirable state when applied ________. An example of an action that does not universalize is lying to get out of ________. Suppose someone lies to avoid responsibility for a mistake. According to Kant, if this maxim were universalized, the result would be that trust in ________ would collapse—nobody would believe what others say because everyone would ________. In such a world, the act of lying would become ineffective because lying presupposes that people generally tell the ________. Therefore, the maxim "lie to avoid trouble" leads to a contradiction when universalized: it relies on a system of truth-telling to function, but if everyone lied, that system would cease to ________. Thus, according to Kant's categorical imperative, lying in this way is morally ________.
In Kantian ethics, an action ________ if the principle behind it (the maxim) can be consistently applied to everyone without ________. If the action does not pass this test, it means that it leads to an undesirable state when applied ________. An example of an action that does not universalize is lying to get out of ________. Suppose someone lies to avoid responsibility for a mistake. According to Kant, if this maxim were universalized, the result would be that trust in ________ would collapse—nobody would believe what others say because everyone would ________. In such a world, the act of lying would become ineffective because lying presupposes that people generally tell the ________. Therefore, the maxim "lie to avoid trouble" leads to a contradiction when universalized: it relies on a system of truth-telling to function, but if everyone lied, that system would cease to ________. Thus, according to Kant's categorical imperative, lying in this way is morally ________.
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