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Questions and Answers
What is a criticism of Sugarman's theory on cultural deprivation?
What is a criticism of Sugarman's theory on cultural deprivation?
According to Douglas, what is an advantage that middle-class students have?
According to Douglas, what is an advantage that middle-class students have?
What is a criticism of Bernstein's language codes theory?
What is a criticism of Bernstein's language codes theory?
Why might working-class students be more likely to apply to local universities?
Why might working-class students be more likely to apply to local universities?
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What is a criticism of the theory that material deprivation leads to underachievement?
What is a criticism of the theory that material deprivation leads to underachievement?
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What is a consequence of material deprivation on working-class students' education?
What is a consequence of material deprivation on working-class students' education?
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Which researcher found that teachers' expectations of students can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Which researcher found that teachers' expectations of students can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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What term did Gillborn and Youdell use to describe the educational system's focus on supporting only certain students?
What term did Gillborn and Youdell use to describe the educational system's focus on supporting only certain students?
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Who identified three types of learners, including 'clowns' and 'Tigers'?
Who identified three types of learners, including 'clowns' and 'Tigers'?
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Which researcher argued that boys are socialized to be overconfident, despite evidence to the contrary?
Which researcher argued that boys are socialized to be overconfident, despite evidence to the contrary?
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What is the name of the initiative aimed at encouraging girls to pursue science and technology?
What is the name of the initiative aimed at encouraging girls to pursue science and technology?
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Who found that Asian family values contribute to academic success?
Who found that Asian family values contribute to academic success?
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Study Notes
Social Class and Education
- Material deprivation in working-class homes can lead to underachievement in education due to poor diet and higher levels of illness.
- Working-class students are more likely to apply to local universities to save on travel costs and work part-time to fund their studies, making it harder to gain a higher-class degree.
Cultural Deprivation
- Sugarman argues that working-class students are fatalistic, present-time oriented, and seek immediate gratification, whereas middle-class students are more future-oriented and value education and hard work.
- Critics argue that Sugarman's theory is overgeneralized and emphasizes differences between classes rather than similarities.
Language and Social Class
- Bernstein's theory of language codes suggests that working-class students use restricted codes, while middle-class students use elaborated codes.
- Critics argue that Bernstein's theory is oversimplified and doesn't account for working-class students' ability to use middle-class language.
Cultural and Economic Capital
- Bourdieu's theory suggests that middle-class students have more cultural and economic capital, which gives them an advantage in education.
- Gewirtz identifies three types of choosers: privileged-skilled choosers, semi-skilled choosers, and disconnected-local choosers.
Teacher Expectations and Labelling
- Becker's theory suggests that teachers have an "ideal" pupil in mind, which is typically middle-class.
- Rosenthal and Jacobson's study showed that teachers' expectations can influence student performance, leading to self-fulfilling prophecy.
School Factors and Educational Policy
- Stephen Ball's study found that banding in schools leads to stereotyping and a decline in student behavior.
- Gillborn and Youdell argue that educational policies only support A-C economy, leading to "educational triage" where students who don't meet expectations are neglected.
- Lacey's theory suggests that differentiation leads to polarization, where students form subcultures in response to ability grouping.
Teacher Typing and Classification
- Rist's study found that teachers classify students into three tables: fast, average, and slow learners, leading to a "clown" or "tiger" mentality.
- Hargreaves et al. argue that teachers type and classify students, influencing their expectations and behavior.
Pupil Responses and Subcultures
- Woods identifies four pupil responses to teacher expectations: ingratiation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
- Archer argues that working-class students see themselves as having a certain self-worth, but teachers perceive it as a threat.
Gender and Education
- Mac an Ghaill's study found that male laddish subcultures are formed in response to teacher expectations and class-based identities.
- Spender argues that schools reinforce patriarchy, with boys receiving more attention than girls.
- Mitsos and Browne found that coursework benefits girls, who perform better in reading, which is seen as a feminine activity.
Ethnicity and Education
- Charles Murray's theory suggests that some ethnic groups have higher IQs, but critics argue that this is a flawed and racist argument.
- Palmer found that ethnic minorities are more likely to come from low-income families and experience racism in education.
- Hatcher argues that institutional racism is a major obstacle to ethnic minority students' success.
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Description
This quiz explores how social class affects education, including the impact of material deprivation and family background on academic achievement.
