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Questions and Answers
What is a criticism of Sugarman's theory on cultural deprivation?
According to Douglas, what is an advantage that middle-class students have?
What is a criticism of Bernstein's language codes theory?
Why might working-class students be more likely to apply to local universities?
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What is a criticism of the theory that material deprivation leads to underachievement?
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What is a consequence of material deprivation on working-class students' education?
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Which researcher found that teachers' expectations of students can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?
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What term did Gillborn and Youdell use to describe the educational system's focus on supporting only certain students?
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Who identified three types of learners, including 'clowns' and 'Tigers'?
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Which researcher argued that boys are socialized to be overconfident, despite evidence to the contrary?
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What is the name of the initiative aimed at encouraging girls to pursue science and technology?
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Who found that Asian family values contribute to academic success?
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Study Notes
Social Class and Education
- Material deprivation in working-class homes can lead to underachievement in education due to poor diet and higher levels of illness.
- Working-class students are more likely to apply to local universities to save on travel costs and work part-time to fund their studies, making it harder to gain a higher-class degree.
Cultural Deprivation
- Sugarman argues that working-class students are fatalistic, present-time oriented, and seek immediate gratification, whereas middle-class students are more future-oriented and value education and hard work.
- Critics argue that Sugarman's theory is overgeneralized and emphasizes differences between classes rather than similarities.
Language and Social Class
- Bernstein's theory of language codes suggests that working-class students use restricted codes, while middle-class students use elaborated codes.
- Critics argue that Bernstein's theory is oversimplified and doesn't account for working-class students' ability to use middle-class language.
Cultural and Economic Capital
- Bourdieu's theory suggests that middle-class students have more cultural and economic capital, which gives them an advantage in education.
- Gewirtz identifies three types of choosers: privileged-skilled choosers, semi-skilled choosers, and disconnected-local choosers.
Teacher Expectations and Labelling
- Becker's theory suggests that teachers have an "ideal" pupil in mind, which is typically middle-class.
- Rosenthal and Jacobson's study showed that teachers' expectations can influence student performance, leading to self-fulfilling prophecy.
School Factors and Educational Policy
- Stephen Ball's study found that banding in schools leads to stereotyping and a decline in student behavior.
- Gillborn and Youdell argue that educational policies only support A-C economy, leading to "educational triage" where students who don't meet expectations are neglected.
- Lacey's theory suggests that differentiation leads to polarization, where students form subcultures in response to ability grouping.
Teacher Typing and Classification
- Rist's study found that teachers classify students into three tables: fast, average, and slow learners, leading to a "clown" or "tiger" mentality.
- Hargreaves et al. argue that teachers type and classify students, influencing their expectations and behavior.
Pupil Responses and Subcultures
- Woods identifies four pupil responses to teacher expectations: ingratiation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
- Archer argues that working-class students see themselves as having a certain self-worth, but teachers perceive it as a threat.
Gender and Education
- Mac an Ghaill's study found that male laddish subcultures are formed in response to teacher expectations and class-based identities.
- Spender argues that schools reinforce patriarchy, with boys receiving more attention than girls.
- Mitsos and Browne found that coursework benefits girls, who perform better in reading, which is seen as a feminine activity.
Ethnicity and Education
- Charles Murray's theory suggests that some ethnic groups have higher IQs, but critics argue that this is a flawed and racist argument.
- Palmer found that ethnic minorities are more likely to come from low-income families and experience racism in education.
- Hatcher argues that institutional racism is a major obstacle to ethnic minority students' success.
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Description
This quiz explores how social class affects education, including the impact of material deprivation and family background on academic achievement.
