Sociology: Race, Ethnicity, and Research Methods

Week 1: Course Introduction

• Blumenbach’s Race Categories: Refers to the historical categorization of humans into races by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, contributing to early race concepts.
• Central Tendency: Involves understanding the typical or average value within a dataset, often calculated as a percentage in social science research.
• Colorblindness: The belief that race should not be a factor in how people are treated, which can ignore existing inequalities.
• Content Analysis: A research method used to systematically analyze the content of communication, like texts or media, to identify patterns and themes.
• Deductive Reasoning: Starts with general principles to make specific predictions or conclusions.
• Inductive Reasoning: Starts with specific observations to develop general principles or theories.
• Ethnicity: Refers to a shared cultural heritage, including language, religion, and traditions, that creates a sense of group identity.
• Experiments (Lab/Field): Research methods used to test hypotheses under controlled conditions (lab) or in natural settings (field).
• Focus Groups: A qualitative research method where a small group of people are interviewed together to gather in-depth insights on a particular topic.
• Hispanic vs Latinx: Hispanic refers to people, cultures, or languages originating from Spanish-speaking countries; Latinx is a more inclusive term for people of Latin American origin.
• Hypodescent: The practice of assigning a child of mixed racial ancestry to the less privileged racial group.
• Interviews: A research method where data is collected through direct conversation with individuals.
• Laissez-Faire Racism: Subtle form of racism that involves indifference toward racial discrimination and inequality.
• MENA: An acronym referring to the Middle East and North Africa region.
• Minority: A group that is smaller in number, or subordinate position in a society.
• Mirror Effect Pattern: People are more attracted to those who look like them due to familiarity.
• Normativism: An approach that uses value judgments and subjective ideals in race research.
• Positivism: An approach that relies on empirical evidence and objective observation in race research.
• Observation (Complete/Participant): A research method where data is collected by observing subjects in their natural environment, either without involvement (complete) or with active participation (participant).
• One Drop Rule: The historical and legal principle that anyone with any African ancestry is considered Black.
• Own-Race Bias: The tendency to more easily recognize and differentiate faces of one's own race compared to faces of other races.
• Pan-Ethnicity: The grouping together of various distinct ethnic or tribal groups into one broader category based on a shared origin, like "Asian."
• Perceptual Learning: The process by which experience leads to changes in perception, aiding in distinguishing between different groups.
• Phenotype: The observable physical characteristics of an organism.
• Race: A social construct that categorizes people based on perceived physical differences.
• Research Reliability: The consistency and stability of research findings.
• Research Validity: The accuracy and truthfulness of research findings.
• Salience: The quality of being particularly noticeable or important; In interviews and focus groups, refers to the significance of a topic to participants.
• Surveys (Standardized/Open-Ended): Research methods used to collect data from a sample of individuals through questionnaires with fixed questions (standardized) or allowing for more detailed responses (open-ended).
• White Privilege: The unearned advantages and benefits conferred on individuals because they are White.

Week 2: Socio-Historical Construction

• Administrative Race: Refers to how race is defined and used by governmental or administrative bodies for record-keeping, policy implementation, and statistical purposes.
• Asian Indians (historical categorization): How people from India have been classified racially and ethnically in different historical periods, varying from White to Asian.
• Blood Quantum: A standard of ancestry to define tribal membership.
• Hypodescent: Assigns a person of mixed descent to the race of lower status (different from blood quantum).
• Collective Black: The social and political alliance formed among people of African descent to combat anti-black racism.
• Dred Scott Case: A Supreme Court decision that denied citizenship to enslaved people and people of African descent.
• Essentialism: The belief that racial categories are based on inherent, natural differences.
• External Race: How race is perceived and categorized by others.
• Internal Race: How individuals identify themselves racially.
• Honorary Whites: A term historically applied to certain non-White groups, granting them some privileges associated with Whiteness.
• Imputed Race: The race assigned to an individual by others based on observation or assumption.
• Self-Defined Race: The race an individual identifies with and claims as their own.
• **Key Changes In Census:**Refers to the modifications and updates in how race and ethnicity have been measured and categorized.
• Major Change in 2000 and 2020 Censuses: Allowed individuals to select more than one race.
• Manumission: The act of an owner freeing their enslaved people.
• Matrilineality: Tracing descent through the female line.
• Patrilineality: Tracing descent through the male line.
• Metic: A resident alien or foreigner, often in ancient Greece, who did not have full citizenship rights.
• Mulatto: An outdated term for a person of mixed White and Black ancestry.
• Multiracial: Individuals who identify with more than one racial category.
• Objective Race: A race defined by supposedly objective criteria, such as ancestry or genetics.
• Subjective Race: A race based on individual and social perception.
• Popular/Folk Race: Everyday understandings and beliefs about race.
• Racial Classification: The process of assigning individuals or groups to specific racial categories.
• The 3/5ths Compromise: An agreement to count enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes.
• The Civil War: A conflict in the United States fought over slavery and states' rights.
• Tri-Racial System: A social hierarchy with Whites at the top, Blacks at the bottom, and a buffer group of mixed-race individuals in the middle.

Week 3: Ethnic Boundaries

• “Vestigial” Value Of Something: The remaining importance or sentiment attached to an ethnic trait.
• Achieved Characteristic: A social status or position attained through an individual's efforts and skills.
• Alba's "Twilight of White Ethnicity" Theory: The idea that ethnic distinctions among European Americans are fading due to assimilation and intermarriage.
• Ancestral Language Classes: Courses designed to teach or preserve a group's native language.
• Ascribed Characteristic: A social status or position assigned at birth, such as race or ethnicity.
• Boundary Marking: Actions or symbols that signify and reinforce the distinctions between different ethnic groups.
• Boundary Shifting: Changes in the way ethnic groups define themselves and relate to others.
• Cultural Boundary Crossings: Adopting or participating in the cultural practices of another ethnic group.
• Structural Boundary Crossings: Entering into social institutions or organizations dominated by another ethnic group.
• Ethnic Identity Factors: Country Of Origin: The influence of a group's homeland on their sense of ethnic identity.
• Ethnic Identity Factors: Generation: How many generations a family has been in a new country affects their ethnic identity.
• Ethnic Identity Factors: Intact Family: The presence of a stable and supportive family structure in maintaining ethnic identity.
• Ethnic Identity Factors: Socioeconomic Status: The impact of wealth, occupation, and social standing on ethnic identity.
• Ethnic Options: The degree to which individuals can choose or change their ethnic identity.
• Group Boundary Blurring: The weakening of distinctions between different ethnic groups.
• Group Boundary Shifts: Changes in the way ethnic groups define themselves and relate to others.
• Heritage Festivals: Celebrations that showcase a group's culture, traditions, and history.
• Homeland Tourism: Visiting one's ancestral homeland to connect with their ethnic roots.
• Large Scale Ethnic Boundaries: Broad social and political divisions between different ethnic groups.
• Mechanistic Divisions of Labor: Work divided into specialized tasks, with less emphasis on ethnic or social connections.
• Organic Divisions of Labor: Work characterized by interdependence and social solidarity.
• Self-Schema: An individual's beliefs and ideas about themselves.
• Small Scale Ethnic Boundaries: Interpersonal interactions and relationships within and between different ethnic groups.
• Straight-Line Assimilation Order (CCAA): Contact, Competition, Accommodation, Assimilation.
• Straight-Line Assimilation: Accommodation: Gradual adaptation and integration into a new society, while retaining aspects of their original culture.
• Straight-Line Assimilation: Assimilation: The process by which immigrants adopt the values, norms, and behaviors of the host culture, eventually losing their original ethnic identity.
• Straight-Line Assimilation: Competition: The struggle for resources and opportunities.
• Straight-Line Assimilation: Contact: The initial interactions between different groups.
• Symbolic Ethnicity: An ethnic identity that is primarily expressed through occasional or symbolic gestures, without significantly impacting daily life.

Racial Identity Development

• Cross Stages - Commitment: Internalization of positive sense of one's own race.
• Cross Stages - Encounter: Experience of an even or series of events that forces the individual to acknowledge the impact of racism in their life.
• Cross Stages - Immersion: Surround themselves with their own racial group and reject anything associated with whiteness.
• Cross Stages - Integration: Develop an integrated identity where they can appreciate their own racial identity as well as have relationships with people from other racial groups.
• Cross Stages - Pre Encounter: Unaware of race, and racism. The individual has adopted mainstream values, beliefs, and practices.
• Cultural Exposure: Experiencing and learning about different cultures.
• Ethnoracialization: The process by which ethnicity and race become intertwined and shape social experiences.
• Helms Stages - Autonomy: A stage in White racial identity development. Understanding and appreciating racial and cultural differences, and challenges racism.
• Helms Stages - Contact: A stage in White racial identity development: Unaware of racism.
• Helms Stages - Disintegration: A stage in White racial identity development. Awareness of racism and White privilege, which leads to feelings of guilt and shame.
• Helms Stages - Pseudo Independence: A stage in White racial identity development. Intellectual understanding of racism, but still struggles to apply this knowledge in everyday life.
• Helms Stages - Reintegration: A stage in White racial identity development. Attempt to reconcile their White identity with their growing awareness of racism.
• Identity Behaviors: Actions and practices that express and reinforce one's sense of self.
• Identity Centrality: The extent to which race is a core component of an individual’s self-concept.
• Identity Cognition: Thoughts and beliefs about one's race and its significance.
• Identity Commitment: The strength of an individual's sense of belonging to a racial group.
• Identity Extensivity: Engaging in a large number of identity-related activities, rather than a deep engagement.
• Identity Intensivity: A deep engagement and investment in a particular racial identity.
• Identity Prominence: The likelihood that race will be activated.
• Identity Regard: How positively or negatively an individual views their own racial group.
• Identity Salience: The relevance or importance of race in a particular situation or context.
• Interactive Commitment: Engaging with their racial group.
• Affectual Commitment: Positive feelings toward their racial group.
• Prescriptive Norms: Expectations for how people should act based on their race.
• Proscriptive Norms: Behaviors that people should avoid based on their race.
• Racial Identity: An individual's sense of belonging to a particular racial group and their understanding of what that means.
• Reflected Appraisals: How individuals perceive that others view their race.
• Salience (Racial Identity): The importance or relevance of race in a particular situation or context.
• Stereotype Activation: The process by which stereotypes are triggered and come to mind when encountering members of a stereotyped group.
• Stereotype Threat Impact on White People: The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about White people, which can affect their performance.
• Tokenization: The practice of including one or a few members of an underrepresented group to give the appearance of diversity, often placing those individuals under increased scrutiny and pressure.

Week 4: Prejudice and Stereotypes

• Affect: The emotional component of prejudice.
• Behaviors: Actions and responses towards individuals or groups based on stereotypes and prejudices.
• Civic Ostracism: Exclusion or marginalization from civic and political life based on group membership.
• Cognition: The thoughts and beliefs that underlie stereotypes and prejudice.
• Confirmation Bias: Tendency to seek out or interpret information that confirms existing beliefs.
• Discrimination: Unfair treatment or actions directed towards individuals or groups.
• Ethnic Humor: Jokes based on ethnic stereotypes.
• Ethnocentrism: The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
• Ethnophaulism: A derogatory term used to refer to a particular ethnic group.
• Field: The environment in which prejudices and stereotypes are expressed and reinforced.
• Gendered Racial Microaggressions: Subtle insults that communicate hostile messages based on race and gender.
• Habitus: The ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions that individuals possess due to their life experiences.
• Hypervisibility: Being highly noticeable and subject to scrutiny due to one's race or ethnicity.
• Intersectionality: The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender.
• Model Minority: The stereotype that some minority groups are more successful than others, often used to pit groups against each other.
• Ordering Of Prejudice and Stereotypes: The sequence in which prejudice and stereotypes develop. Prejudice is often an attitude formed before one has complete knowledge. Stereotypes can reinforce prejudice.
• Prejudice: A preconceived negative judgment or attitude toward a group and its members.
• Racial Triangulation Theory: Asian Americans are simultaneously valorized as a model minority and excluded as perpetual foreigners.
• Racial Valorization: The process of ascribing positive traits and qualities to a particular racial group.
• Schema: A mental framework used to organize and interpret information.
• Schema Types: Event: Mental frameworks for understanding and responding to specific occurrences.
• Schema Types: Group: Beliefs and expectations on how members of specific social categories behave.
• Schema Types: Person: Mental frameworks about specific individuals.
• Schema Types: Role: Expectations about how people in certain positions should behave.
• Schema Types: Self: Beliefs and ideas about oneself.
• Scripts: Sets of expectations for how events should unfold.
• Socialization: The process by which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and beliefs of their society.
• Sources Of Stereotypes: The origins and influences that contribute to the formation and spread of stereotypes.
• Stereotypes: Generalized beliefs about the characteristics of a group.
• Subtyping In Stereotypes: Creating subgroups within a stereotyped group to accommodate individuals who do not fit the stereotype.
• White Habitus: The ingrained habits, skills, and dispositions possessed by White people due to their experiences with racial privilege.

Week 5: Discrimination and Exchange

• (Robert) Merton's Typology: A categorization of individuals based on their levels of prejudice and discrimination.
• (Social) Exchange Theory: Social behavior is the result of an exchange process.
• Absent Curriculum vs Hidden Curriculum: What is not taught versus implicit lessons on norms and values.
• Active Bigot: Prejudiced and openly discriminates.
• All-Weather Liberal: Not prejudiced and does not discriminate.
• Costs vs Benefits In Exchange Relationships: What is gained or lost through social interactions.
• Exchange Relationship: An interaction where each party provides some benefit to the other.
• Exchange Resources: Anything that can be offered in an exchange, such as goods, services, or social support.
• Fair-Weather Liberal: Not prejudiced but discriminates due to social pressure.
• Heterogamy: Marriage between individuals with different social characteristics.
• Homogamy: Marriage between individuals with similar social characteristics.
• Homophily: The tendency to connect with people who are similar to oneself.
• Intensified Racism: Heightened levels of racial prejudice and discrimination.
• Interracial Dating Attitudes: Opinions and feelings about relationships between people of different races.
• Miscegenation: An outdated term for marriage or sexual relations between people of different races.
• Non-White Border Patrolling: When people of color enforce racial boundaries and stereotypes.
• Race Fetishism: Sexual attraction to individuals based on their racial identity.
• Rebound Racism: Discrimination experienced by partners in interracial relationships due to their association with a person of color.
• Timid Bigot: Prejudiced but does not discriminate.
• White Border Patrolling: White individuals enforcing racial boundaries and stereotypes.

Ideological and Institutional Racism

• Audit Studies: Research studies that test for discrimination by comparing treatment of different groups in real-world settings.
• Backstage Behaviors (Goffman): Actions and behaviors that occur when individuals are not being observed by others.
• Callback: Method looking at discrimination in hiring, by creating resumes that are the same except for the name.
• Christian Nationalism: The belief that the United States is a Christian nation.
• Cultural Tourism: Visiting cultural sites or events that showcase the heritage and traditions of a particular group.
• De jure: By law.
• De facto: In practice.
• Discursive Racism: Expressed through language and communication.
• Ecological Racism: Disproportionate exposure of minority communities to environmental hazards.
• Economic Racism: Discrimination in economic systems and institutions.
• Equal Opportunity Employers: Employers who commit to providing equal employment opportunities regardless of race.
• Ethnoviolence: Acts of violence motivated by prejudice against a particular ethnic group.
• Eugenics: The belief in improving the genetic quality of a population through selective breeding.
• Exclusion: Preventing certain groups from accessing resources, opportunities, or social institutions.
• Expulsion: Forcing a group to leave a territory.
• Voluntary Expulsion: Group chooses to leave due to oppression or fear.
• Involuntary Expulsion: Group is forcibly removed by authorities.
• Frontstage Behaviors (Goffman): Actions and behaviors that individuals display when they are being observed by others.
• Genocide: Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.
• Glass Ceilings: Barriers that prevent women and minorities from advancing to higher-level positions in the workplace.
• Bamboo Ceilings: Barriers that prevent Asian Americans from advancing to higher-level positions in the workplace.
• Historical Racism: Past forms of racism that continue to have consequences in the present.
• Ideological Racism: Beliefs and ideas that justify racial inequality.
• Impostor Syndrome: The feeling of being a fraud despite evidence of success.
• Institutional Racism: Policies and practices within institutions that perpetuate racial inequality.
• Jim Crow: Laws and customs that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.
• Manifest Destiny: The belief that the United States was destined to expand across North America.
• Numerus Clausus: A policy of limiting the number of students from certain groups.
• Overt: Obvious and openly displayed.
• Covert: Hidden and subtle.
• Redlining: Denying services to residents of certain neighborhoods based on race or ethnicity.
• Reverse Discrimination: Discriminating against members of a dominant group.
• Rituals of Rebellion: Symbolic acts of resistance or protest.
• Segregation: The separation of different racial groups.
• Selective Exclusion: Excluding members of certain groups from specific opportunities or positions.
• Social Darwinism: The belief that some groups are inherently superior to others and are therefore more fit to survive.
• Structural Racism: Systemic policies that disadvantage certain racial groups.
• White Man's Burden: The belief that White people have a duty to civilize and uplift non-White people.

Week 6: Status Expectations States Theory

• Affirmative Action: Policies designed to address past and present discrimination by providing opportunities to underrepresented groups.
• Bleaching Syndrome: Desire to lighten one's skin to conform to White beauty standards.
• Burden Of Proof: The obligation to prove one's case or argument.
• Code-Switching: Altering one's behavior: style of speech, appearance, and expression in ways that will optimize the comfort of others.
• Colorism: Discrimination based on skin tone.
• Condition: Capabilities Presumption: Group members assume skill/knowledge.
• Condition: Collective Orientation: Group's goal is prioritized.
• Condition: Task Orientation: Focused on task/purpose.
• Contact Hypothesis: Intergroup contact can reduce prejudice under certain conditions.
• Contact Theory (Know The Four Conditions):
  • Equal status.
  • Common goals.
  • Intergroup cooperation.
  • Support of authorities, law or custom.
• Diffuse Characteristics: General status characteristics that carry expectations across different situations (e.g., race, gender, social class).
• Expectation States Theory: Status hierarchies emerge in task groups due to performance expectations based on status characteristics.
• Imposter Syndrome: The feeling of being a fraud despite evidence of success.
• Interactional Encounters (Consensual): Interactions in which status hierarchies are mutually agreed upon and reinforced.
• LatCrit Theory: Examines law and policy, focusing on the experiences of Latinx people.
• Performance Expectations: Anticipations about how well someone will perform based on the status characteristics they possess.
• Salience (Status Characteristics): Awareness and importance of status characteristics in social interactions.
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Expectations about a person or group that ultimately lead that person or group to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.
• Skin-Color Stratification: Social hierarchy based on skin tone.
• Social Distance: The degree of acceptance or rejection between different social groups.
• Specific Characteristics: Skills or abilities directly relevant to a particular task.
• Status Characteristics: Attributes that society associates with different levels of competence or worth (e.g., race, gender, education).
• Status Generalization: When general status characteristics influence performance expectations in specific situations.
• Status Intervention: Efforts to disrupt or alter status hierarchies and inequalities.
• Status Structures: Hierarchical arrangements in society based on status characteristics.
• Status Value: The perceived value or worth associated with different status characteristics.
• Stereotype Threat: The risk of confirming negative stereotypes about one's group, which can affect performance.

Week 7: Race and Education

• (Statistical) Direct Effects: The effect of one variable on another, without any intervening variables.
• (Statistical) Error (The Big Red Numbers): The degree to which a statistical model does not fit the observed data.
• (Statistical) Indirect Effects: The effect of one variable on another through one or more intervening variables.
• (Statistical) Total Effects: The sum of direct and indirect effects of one variable on another.
• [D]estinations: The outcomes or achievements that individuals reach in their educational and occupational pursuits.
• [O]rigins: The social background and characteristics that individuals are born into, such as family socioeconomic status and race.
• Accumulated Disadvantage: The ways in which negative experiences or limited resources accumulate over time.
• Achieved Characteristics: Social status or position attained through an individual's efforts and skills.
• Agentic Reasons For Education $$ Differences: Individual choices and behaviors that contribute to disparities in financial resources for education.
• Ascribed Characteristics: Social status or position assigned at birth, such as race or ethnicity.
• Aspirations (Educational): The educational goals and ambitions that individuals hold for themselves.
• Aspirations (Occupational): The career goals and work-related ambitions that individuals hold for themselves.
• Black Students and NAEP Reading Scores: Consistent lower performance on standardized reading tests.
• Cultural Capital: The knowledge, skills, habits, and tastes that individuals acquire from their social environment.
• Curricular/Classroom Diversity: Integrating diverse perspectives and experiences into the curriculum.
• Economic Capital: Financial resources that individuals and families have available to them.
• Embodied Cultural Capital: Knowledge, skills, and habits that are internalized and become part of an individual's behavior and demeanor.
• Functional Social Capital Deficiency: Lack of social connections that provide instrumental support and assistance.
• Fungibility: The ease with which one form of capital can be converted into another.
• HBCU: Historically Black Colleges and Universities.
• HSI: Hispanic-Serving Institutions.
• AANAPISI: Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institutions.
• TCU: Tribal Colleges and Universities.
• Hispanic Students and School Readiness: Achievement gaps related to language barriers.
• Human Capital: The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual that contribute to their economic productivity.
• In/formal Interactional Diversity: Interactions with diverse people in schools.
• Institutionalized Cultural Capital: Recognition and legitimacy conferred by educational institutions.
• Intercultural Competence: The ability to effectively communicate and interact with people from different cultural backgrounds.
• Mental Ability & Academic Performance: Correlation between cognitive skills and success in school.
• Objectified Cultural Capital: Material objects that signify cultural knowledge and status, such as books or artwork.
• Property Taxes: Local funding source for schools that can lead to disparities in resources based on neighborhood wealth.
• Significant Others: People who have a strong influence on an individual's educational and occupational aspirations and decisions.
• Social Capital: Resources accessed through social networks and relationships.
• Species of Capital: Different forms of capital that influence social and economic outcomes.
• Structural Diversity: The numerical representation of different groups within a school or classroom.
• Structural Social Capital Deficiency: Lack of access to social networks that provide valuable resources and opportunities.
• Symbolic Capital: Prestige, honor, and recognition that are associated with certain forms of cultural capital.
• Transferability: The extent to which skills and knowledge gained in one context can be applied in another.
• Unequal Distribution of Capital: Disparities in access to economic, social, and cultural capital based on race and socioeconomic status.
• Wisconsin Social Mobility model: Factors influencing educational and occupational attainment.

Week 8: Race and Housing

• Black People's Neighborhood Preferences: Prioritize safety, quality schools, and access to amenities.
• Creating An American Ghetto: Policies and practices that led to the development of segregated and impoverished Black neighborhoods.
• Degree Of Segregation (0% and 100%): Ranges from complete integration to complete separation based on race.
• Farley Research On White Neighbor Preferences: Many White people prefer to live in predominantly White neighborhoods.
• Gente-fication: Gentrification that is rooted in race.
• Gentrification: The process of renovating deteriorated urban neighborhoods by means of the influx of more affluent residents.
• Greenspace Deserts: Urban areas with limited access to parks, green spaces, and natural environments.
• Hispanic Hate Crimes Reporting: Barriers in reporting due to language.
• MDA (Multiply Deserted Areas): Areas abandoned by both residents and businesses, resulting in severe economic and social decline.
• Neutral Ethnocentrism: Preference for one's own group without necessarily being hostile to other groups.
• Non-White/White Segregation: Segregation between White people and people of color.
• Power Threat Theory: Prejudice and discrimination increase when a dominant group perceives a subordinate group as a threat.
• Racial Formation Theory: Race is a social construct that is shaped by social, economic, and political forces.
• Racial Isolation: Limited interaction with people of different racial backgrounds.
• Residential Segregation: The separation of different racial groups into different neighborhoods.
• Resource Deserts: Areas with limited access to essential resources, such as healthy food, healthcare, and financial services.
• Social Segregation: Unequal access to resources through social networks.
• Steering In Real Estate: Guiding potential homebuyers toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race or ethnicity.
• White Fight: Resistance by White residents to racial integration.
• White Flight: The mass migration of White residents from racially diverse urban areas to predominantly White suburbs.
• Why Detroit Matters: Illustrates the impact of deindustrialization.
• Why New York Matters: History of immigration and diversity.
• Xenophobia: Fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers.

Week 9: Race and Media

• Abercrombie and Fitch: Company known for lack of diversity.
• Cinethetic Racism: How media desensitizes audiences to racial inequality through repeated exposure.
• Functions Of Mass Media: Information, entertainment, persuasion, and socialization.
• Gatekeeping: The process by which media outlets select and filter information.
• Hallmark Whiteness: Predominance of White characters and stories.
• Magical Negro Trope: A Black character who exists to help the White protagonist.
• Media As Agent of Socialization: influencing individuals' attitudes and behaviors.
• Media As Conferrer of Status: Media can elevate individuals or groups, lending them prestige and influence.
• Media As Enforcer of Social Norms: Media reinforces societal expectations around race.
• Media As Promoter of Consumption: Encouraging consumerism and shaping consumer preferences.
• Narcotizing Dysfunction: Overwhelmed with information about social issues.
• Neo-Liberal Multiculturalism: Promoting superficial diversity.
• Norman Rockwell: An artist whose work has been seen as depicting an idealized version of White American life.
• Race Transformations: Altering someone's race through plastic surgery.
• Racial Anachronism: When outdated racial attitudes appear in modern contexts.
• Racial Tokenism: Including one or a few members of an underrepresented group to give the appearance of diversity.
• Racist Nostalgia: Yearning for a past that is romanticized.
• Tokenism: Perfunctory inclusion of minorities to create an appearance of diversity.
• White Aesthetic: Cultural and artistic expressions associated with dominant White culture.
• White Normativity: The assumption that Whiteness is the standard or default.
• White Redemption Arc: When racist White people become good.
• White Savior Trope: A White character who rescues non-White characters from their problems.