Sociology Quiz: Socialization and Institutions

Socialization

• Socialization: The process of learning and internalizing the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of a society.
• Primary Agents of Socialization: Individuals or groups that influence a person's development in early life, such as family.
• Secondary Agents of Socialization: Individuals or groups that influence a person's development after childhood, including peers, media, and institutions.
• Family's Role in Socialization: Family significantly shapes an individual's values, attitudes, and behaviors.

Basic Social Institutions

• 5 Basic Social Institutions: Family, education, religion, economy, and government.

Macro vs. Micro Sociology

• Macro Sociology: Examines large-scale social structures and systems.
• Micro Sociology: Studies small-scale interactions and patterns.

Social Institutions

• Purpose of Social Institutions: Meet society's basic needs.

Auguste Comte & Emile Durkheim

• Auguste Comte: Considered a founder of sociology.
• Emile Durkheim: Known for his work on social solidarity and the division of labor in society.

Sociology Theories

• Structural Functionalism: Emphasizes the interconnectedness of societal elements, focusing on their functions.
• Conflict Theory: Highlights power struggles and inequalities in society.
• Feminist Theory: Focuses on gender inequality and discrimination.
• Symbolic Interactionism: Examines how individuals create meaning and interact in society.

Symbols, Values, Norms

• Symbols: Represent something else (e.g., a flag).
• Values: Beliefs about what is important in society.
• Norms: Rules of behavior.

Law Enforcement & Prisons

• Policing, Prisons, and Rehabilitation: Types, functions, and goals of law enforcement, prisons, and rehabilitation.

Division of Labor & Changes in Policing

• Division of Labor: How tasks are divided in a society.
• Changes in Policing: Progression and shifts in policing strategies, tactics, and approaches.

Work & Alienation (Marx)

• Work & Alienation: Marx's concept of alienation in the workplace.

Primary Agent of Socialization: Family

• Types of Families: Nuclear, same-sex, lone-parent, extended.
• Family Changes: Evolution and shifts in family structures.
• Family Roles: Roles within different family structures and dynamics.
• Status: Position within society (e.g., social class, occupation).
• Nuclear Family: Two parents and their children.
• Traditional Nuclear Family: Specific and conventional form of a nuclear family.
• Same-Sex Family: Families involving same-sex couples.
• Lone-Parent Family: Family headed by a single parent.

Abnormal Socialization

• Importance of Family in Early Socialization: Family's role in early development and societal contribution.
• Genie Wiley, Oxana: Cases of extreme isolation and deprivation, highlighting the significance of early socialization.

Secondary Agents of Socialization

• Secondary Agents: Institutions and groups after childhood.
• Role of Secondary Agents: Influence on values, beliefs, and behaviors after childhood.
• Anticipatory Socialization: Preparing for future roles in society (e.g., occupation).

Media & Socialization

• Cultural Diffusion: Spread of culture across societies.
• Global Village: Interconnectedness of communities through media.
• Media Impacts on Socialization: How media shapes individuals' beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, norms, and values.
• Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura's theory of learning.
• Children & Media Violence: Impact of media violence on children's behavior.
• Gender & Socialization: How gender roles are learned and reinforced, and impact.
• Tough Guise: The idea and approach to evaluating and understanding the roles played by men and masculinity in modern society.

Social Identity & Theories

• Social Identity: The aspects of self that are derived from group memberships.
• Sex vs. Gender: Distinction between biological sex and social gender.
• Gender Stereotype: Oversimplified generalizations about gender.
• Gender Role: Social expectations for behavior based on gender.
• Gender Socialization: Process of learning and internalizing gender roles.

Groups & Group Behavior

• Social Group: Two or more people who interact regularly and share a sense of identity.
• Reasons for Joining Groups: Shared interests, goals, and belonging.
• Types of Groups: Primary and secondary groups, in-groups, out-groups.
• Conformity: Adjusting one's behavior to match group norms.
• Mores: Moral rules or standards of behavior.
• Folkways: Customs or social habits.
• Sanctions: Punishments or rewards imposed for adhering to norms or deviating from them.
• Factors Influencing Conformity: Group size, group cohesiveness, unanimity.
• Dyad: Group of two.
• Clique: Group of relatively close friends or acquaintances.
• Rules/Norms/ Laws: Societal expectations and guidelines.
• Sanctions (cont.): Punishments or rewards related to adherence or deviations.
• Effects of Group Membership: Impacts on attitude, behavior, and perceptions.
• Crowd Types: Conventional, expressive, acting, mob, riot.
• Social Movements: Organized collective actions to promote or resist change.

Other Sociology Concepts

• Sociology's Relation to Other Social Sciences: How sociology overlaps but differs from relevant subjects.
• Sociology Disciplines: The macro and micro approaches to sociological study, and their relative focuses.
• Social Group Characteristics: Shared traits and characteristics of social relationships.
• Smallest Group: The dyad.
• Group Intimacy: The spectrum and measurement of intimacy in group interactions.
• First Sociology Term: Suggested by Auguste Comte.
• High Suicide Rates: Reflect weakness among social cohesion.
• Culture, Society, Social Relationship: Essential sociological concepts.
• Importance of Culture: Components of culture including norms, values, and statuses.
• Status: Social position or rank within a group.
• Status, Achieved, Norms: Explanation of these concepts.
• Social Stratification: Unequal distribution of resources.
• Social stratification: Hierarchical grouping in society.
• Norms vs. Values: Defining feature of these important concepts in social sciences.
• Functionalism: Societal elements' role in maintaining the whole system in a social context.
• Conflict Theory (cont.): Examination of power struggle among competing groups in a society.
• Micro Theory Example: Symbolic interactionism.
• Key Concept of Symbolic Interactionism: Importance of symbols which stand for something else.

Key Figures

• George Herbert Mead, Herbert Blumer: Pioneers of symbolic interactionism.
• Karl Marx: Focused on social class from an economic perspective.
• Max Weber: Focused on social class.
• W.E.B. Du Bois: Made significant contributions to racial injustice.

Isolation & Deprivation

• Socialization: Critical learning process in acquiring culture and social interactions.
• Isolation & Deprivation Examples: Cases like Genie Wiley and Oxana.