Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one factor that may contribute to drug abuse according to the subcultural view?
What is one factor that may contribute to drug abuse according to the subcultural view?
- Wealthy upbringing
- High self-esteem
- Exposure to drug-abusing peers (correct)
- Strong family support
Which statement best describes the relationship between drug use and crime?
Which statement best describes the relationship between drug use and crime?
- Drug users primarily commit minor offenses unrelated to their addiction.
- Drug users are typically more law-abiding than non-users.
- There is no significant correlation between drug use and violent crime.
- Drug abuse leads to higher rates of property and violent crimes. (correct)
What does the rational choice theory suggest about why some individuals use drugs?
What does the rational choice theory suggest about why some individuals use drugs?
- They choose drugs for relaxation or social enhancement. (correct)
- They want to fit in with their peers.
- They cannot control their impulses.
- They have a genetic predisposition to addiction.
Which of the following is a component of the problem behavior syndrome (PBS) related to drug abuse?
Which of the following is a component of the problem behavior syndrome (PBS) related to drug abuse?
What role do genetic factors play in drug abuse according to the content provided?
What role do genetic factors play in drug abuse according to the content provided?
What is a significant outcome of less parental control in egalitarian families?
What is a significant outcome of less parental control in egalitarian families?
Which issue is highlighted in the experiences of LGBTQ individuals within the justice system?
Which issue is highlighted in the experiences of LGBTQ individuals within the justice system?
What does deconstructionism primarily analyze?
What does deconstructionism primarily analyze?
What does semiotics in language suggest about terms used in specific fields?
What does semiotics in language suggest about terms used in specific fields?
How does value-laden language contribute to societal biases?
How does value-laden language contribute to societal biases?
What is a key characteristic of neighbourhoods affected by social disorganization theory?
What is a key characteristic of neighbourhoods affected by social disorganization theory?
Which theory connects crime rates to distinct neighbourhood ecological areas?
Which theory connects crime rates to distinct neighbourhood ecological areas?
According to Shaw and McKay's concentric zone theory, what is a significant factor influencing crime rates?
According to Shaw and McKay's concentric zone theory, what is a significant factor influencing crime rates?
What term is defined by a community's perception that the outside world is an enemy?
What term is defined by a community's perception that the outside world is an enemy?
What stage in the life cycle of urban areas involves a drop in socio-economic status and increased population density?
What stage in the life cycle of urban areas involves a drop in socio-economic status and increased population density?
Which factor is NOT associated with community deterioration according to the provided content?
Which factor is NOT associated with community deterioration according to the provided content?
What often leads adolescents to reject conventional values?
What often leads adolescents to reject conventional values?
What is a likely outcome of weak bonds to conventional groups?
What is a likely outcome of weak bonds to conventional groups?
Which of the following concepts emphasizes the relationship between community deterioration and criminality?
Which of the following concepts emphasizes the relationship between community deterioration and criminality?
Which impact does transience have on crime rates in neighbourhoods according to social disorganization theory?
Which impact does transience have on crime rates in neighbourhoods according to social disorganization theory?
How does involvement with deviant peers impact adolescents?
How does involvement with deviant peers impact adolescents?
What factor is closely linked to delinquent behavior according to Integrated Structural Marxist Theory?
What factor is closely linked to delinquent behavior according to Integrated Structural Marxist Theory?
What role does economic strain play in criminal behavior?
What role does economic strain play in criminal behavior?
What reinforces deviant behavior among youths in alienated environments?
What reinforces deviant behavior among youths in alienated environments?
According to the Glueck research on juvenile delinquency, what is a predictor of future criminality?
According to the Glueck research on juvenile delinquency, what is a predictor of future criminality?
What is a consequence of the cycle of weak bonds and deviant peer influences?
What is a consequence of the cycle of weak bonds and deviant peer influences?
What typically initiates a storyline according to Agnew's concept?
What typically initiates a storyline according to Agnew's concept?
How do negative emotions contribute to criminal behavior according to the content?
How do negative emotions contribute to criminal behavior according to the content?
How do beliefs about employment influence the criminal behavior of homeless street youth?
How do beliefs about employment influence the criminal behavior of homeless street youth?
What does Baron’s research reveal about high-risk youth and crime?
What does Baron’s research reveal about high-risk youth and crime?
What is a characteristic of the 'Corner Boy' subculture?
What is a characteristic of the 'Corner Boy' subculture?
How does low self-control impact reactions to strain?
How does low self-control impact reactions to strain?
Which option describes a 'College Boy' in the context of subcultures among lower-class males?
Which option describes a 'College Boy' in the context of subcultures among lower-class males?
How does relative deprivation affect crime based on gender?
How does relative deprivation affect crime based on gender?
What does the element of attachment in the social bond primarily refer to?
What does the element of attachment in the social bond primarily refer to?
How does commitment affect an individual's likelihood to engage in criminal activities?
How does commitment affect an individual's likelihood to engage in criminal activities?
Which element of social bond refers to how much time is spent in conventional activities?
Which element of social bond refers to how much time is spent in conventional activities?
According to social control theory, what is a potential weakness in the concept of involvement?
According to social control theory, what is a potential weakness in the concept of involvement?
What is a criticism of Hirschi's assertion regarding weak social bonds?
What is a criticism of Hirschi's assertion regarding weak social bonds?
What does labelling theory suggest about the effects of being labelled as a criminal?
What does labelling theory suggest about the effects of being labelled as a criminal?
Which institutions are primarily involved in the process of labelling individuals as criminals?
Which institutions are primarily involved in the process of labelling individuals as criminals?
How does belief in societal laws impact an individual's behavior according to social bond theory?
How does belief in societal laws impact an individual's behavior according to social bond theory?
What is a primary characteristic of neighbourhoods with high crime rates according to social disorganization theory?
What is a primary characteristic of neighbourhoods with high crime rates according to social disorganization theory?
Which of the following factors does strain theory suggest contributes to crime?
Which of the following factors does strain theory suggest contributes to crime?
How do transitions in demographic makeup typically affect crime rates in urban areas?
How do transitions in demographic makeup typically affect crime rates in urban areas?
What do Shaw and McKay's concentric zone theory highlight about crime?
What do Shaw and McKay's concentric zone theory highlight about crime?
Which aspect is NOT typically associated with communities experiencing social disorganization?
Which aspect is NOT typically associated with communities experiencing social disorganization?
Which term describes the phenomenon where residents believe the outside world is an enemy due to community disorganization?
Which term describes the phenomenon where residents believe the outside world is an enemy due to community disorganization?
What typically follows the decline stage in the life cycle of urban areas according to social ecologists?
What typically follows the decline stage in the life cycle of urban areas according to social ecologists?
What relationship does the social ecology school suggest exists between economic decline and crime?
What relationship does the social ecology school suggest exists between economic decline and crime?
What is a significant consequence of deforestation and illegal logging?
What is a significant consequence of deforestation and illegal logging?
Which factor primarily contributes to the fostering of white-collar crime in corporate environments?
Which factor primarily contributes to the fostering of white-collar crime in corporate environments?
What method do governments commonly use to suppress environmental protests?
What method do governments commonly use to suppress environmental protests?
How is corporate culture related to the occurrence of white-collar crime?
How is corporate culture related to the occurrence of white-collar crime?
What is one of the primary challenges in enforcing regulations against corporate crime?
What is one of the primary challenges in enforcing regulations against corporate crime?
What can significantly deter white-collar crime according to the discussed theories?
What can significantly deter white-collar crime according to the discussed theories?
What aspect of activism is often labeled as 'ecoterrorism'?
What aspect of activism is often labeled as 'ecoterrorism'?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of unsafe work environments?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of unsafe work environments?
What is surplus value primarily dependent on?
What is surplus value primarily dependent on?
Which method does NOT help increase surplus value?
Which method does NOT help increase surplus value?
How does capitalism influence crime rates according to the content?
How does capitalism influence crime rates according to the content?
What role do laws play in capitalist structures?
What role do laws play in capitalist structures?
Which statement about corporate crime is true?
Which statement about corporate crime is true?
Which of the following best describes the core belief of instrumental Marxism regarding the state?
Which of the following best describes the core belief of instrumental Marxism regarding the state?
What is one major factor leading to individuals entering sex work?
What is one major factor leading to individuals entering sex work?
How has online sex work changed the way sex workers connect with clients?
How has online sex work changed the way sex workers connect with clients?
What consequence may arise from class frustration as observed in the case studies mentioned?
What consequence may arise from class frustration as observed in the case studies mentioned?
What role do pimps typically play in the lives of sex workers?
What role do pimps typically play in the lives of sex workers?
What is a criticism of instrumental Marxism related to legal systems?
What is a criticism of instrumental Marxism related to legal systems?
Which demographic is disproportionately represented among sex workers, according to studies?
Which demographic is disproportionately represented among sex workers, according to studies?
What is a factor that many sex workers have in common in their backgrounds?
What is a factor that many sex workers have in common in their backgrounds?
What has noticeably changed in the role of pimps with the emergence of independent sex workers?
What has noticeably changed in the role of pimps with the emergence of independent sex workers?
What protective measure is offered by some online services for sex workers and clients?
What protective measure is offered by some online services for sex workers and clients?
Which region is highlighted as having significant issues with child trafficking for sex tourism?
Which region is highlighted as having significant issues with child trafficking for sex tourism?
What is the primary effect of attachment in the context of social bonds?
What is the primary effect of attachment in the context of social bonds?
Which factor is associated with a higher likelihood of criminal behavior according to social control theory?
Which factor is associated with a higher likelihood of criminal behavior according to social control theory?
How does belief in societal laws affect an individual's criminal behavior?
How does belief in societal laws affect an individual's criminal behavior?
What role does involvement in conventional activities play in preventing crime?
What role does involvement in conventional activities play in preventing crime?
Which of the following actions is included in the expanded racketeering crimes under the Organized Crime Control Act?
Which of the following actions is included in the expanded racketeering crimes under the Organized Crime Control Act?
According to labelling theory, what is a significant consequence of being labelled as a criminal?
According to labelling theory, what is a significant consequence of being labelled as a criminal?
What does commitment in the context of social bonds primarily involve?
What does commitment in the context of social bonds primarily involve?
What measure allows Canadian police to seize property linked to crime proceeds?
What measure allows Canadian police to seize property linked to crime proceeds?
Which critique is noted regarding Hirschi's social control theory?
Which critique is noted regarding Hirschi's social control theory?
Which perspective argues that the law requires shared moral values for society to function effectively?
Which perspective argues that the law requires shared moral values for society to function effectively?
What term describes the actions taken by individuals or groups aiming to impose their moral beliefs on others, often leading to censorship?
What term describes the actions taken by individuals or groups aiming to impose their moral beliefs on others, often leading to censorship?
What does the involvement element of social bond theory imply about individuals engaged in legal activities?
What does the involvement element of social bond theory imply about individuals engaged in legal activities?
Which of the following is an example of a public order crime that is often regarded as a victimless crime?
Which of the following is an example of a public order crime that is often regarded as a victimless crime?
What is a significant challenge in enforcing laws related to moral issues in society?
What is a significant challenge in enforcing laws related to moral issues in society?
Which of the following accurately describes the shift in societal attitudes concerning morality?
Which of the following accurately describes the shift in societal attitudes concerning morality?
Which option lists some of the Seven Deadly Sins that are immoral but not criminalized?
Which option lists some of the Seven Deadly Sins that are immoral but not criminalized?
What is the primary motive behind corporate crime?
What is the primary motive behind corporate crime?
Which category does the theft of trade secrets fall under?
Which category does the theft of trade secrets fall under?
What impact can white-collar crime have on public perception?
What impact can white-collar crime have on public perception?
What type of crime involves illegal acts committed by government officials?
What type of crime involves illegal acts committed by government officials?
Which of the following best describes occupational crime?
Which of the following best describes occupational crime?
What is NOT considered a collateral business crime?
What is NOT considered a collateral business crime?
What are acute disasters commonly associated with in the context of white-collar crime?
What are acute disasters commonly associated with in the context of white-collar crime?
Which of these is an example of a victim typology in corporate crime?
Which of these is an example of a victim typology in corporate crime?
Which factor is associated with drug users committing crimes?
Which factor is associated with drug users committing crimes?
What does the psychodynamic view suggest about the reasons for drug use?
What does the psychodynamic view suggest about the reasons for drug use?
How are substance abuse and criminality correlated?
How are substance abuse and criminality correlated?
Which theory suggests that drug use can be a learned behavior from dysfunctional family settings?
Which theory suggests that drug use can be a learned behavior from dysfunctional family settings?
What role do powerful claimsmakers play in the constructionist view of drug criminalization?
What role do powerful claimsmakers play in the constructionist view of drug criminalization?
What is one significant criticism of the Kinder Morgan Pipeline Expansion?
What is one significant criticism of the Kinder Morgan Pipeline Expansion?
Which of the following is a form of green crime related to deforestation?
Which of the following is a form of green crime related to deforestation?
What factor primarily drives white-collar crime according to Hirschi and Gottfredson?
What factor primarily drives white-collar crime according to Hirschi and Gottfredson?
What method of resistance do activists often employ against environmental harm?
What method of resistance do activists often employ against environmental harm?
Which of the following conditions is NOT conducive to fostering white-collar crime?
Which of the following conditions is NOT conducive to fostering white-collar crime?
What is a common challenge that hinders the enforcement of regulations against white-collar crime?
What is a common challenge that hinders the enforcement of regulations against white-collar crime?
Which approach do corporations often take to suppress environmental protests?
Which approach do corporations often take to suppress environmental protests?
What is a potential outcome of corporate policies that minimize secrecy regarding whistleblowing?
What is a potential outcome of corporate policies that minimize secrecy regarding whistleblowing?
What are the long-term effects of amphetamines on mental health?
What are the long-term effects of amphetamines on mental health?
Which of the following drugs is primarily classified as a depressant?
Which of the following drugs is primarily classified as a depressant?
What are some potential consequences of volatile liquid inhalation?
What are some potential consequences of volatile liquid inhalation?
What is a significant risk associated with the use of narcotics like heroin?
What is a significant risk associated with the use of narcotics like heroin?
What major shift occurred in Canada regarding cannabis in 2018?
What major shift occurred in Canada regarding cannabis in 2018?
Who typically runs drug smuggling operations according to the content?
Who typically runs drug smuggling operations according to the content?
What is a common effect of long-term alcohol abuse?
What is a common effect of long-term alcohol abuse?
What is a possible outcome for youths who persist in both drug use and crime?
What is a possible outcome for youths who persist in both drug use and crime?
What type of crimes does the RICO Act specifically address?
What type of crimes does the RICO Act specifically address?
Which of the following measures was introduced to enable police to seize property linked to crime proceeds in Canada?
Which of the following measures was introduced to enable police to seize property linked to crime proceeds in Canada?
What is Devlin's argument regarding societal moral values?
What is Devlin's argument regarding societal moral values?
What term describes actions that do not violate a specific person's rights but still conflict with societal norms?
What term describes actions that do not violate a specific person's rights but still conflict with societal norms?
Which of the following explains the relationship between morality and law as proposed in the content?
Which of the following explains the relationship between morality and law as proposed in the content?
What behavioral tendency is commonly associated with a delinquent boy in the context of immediate gratification?
What behavioral tendency is commonly associated with a delinquent boy in the context of immediate gratification?
What challenge is often faced in enforcing laws related to public order crimes?
What challenge is often faced in enforcing laws related to public order crimes?
Which type of gang is characterized by individualistic, unorganized crime and uses violence to gain status?
Which type of gang is characterized by individualistic, unorganized crime and uses violence to gain status?
What role do moral entrepreneurs play in society as described in the content?
What role do moral entrepreneurs play in society as described in the content?
Which of the following describes an example of vigilante actions in relation to morality?
Which of the following describes an example of vigilante actions in relation to morality?
What factor is essential for the formation of youth gangs in disorganized areas?
What factor is essential for the formation of youth gangs in disorganized areas?
What characterizes retreatist gangs in the context of criminal behavior?
What characterizes retreatist gangs in the context of criminal behavior?
What is a consequence of the integration of strain theory and social disorganization in explaining youth delinquency?
What is a consequence of the integration of strain theory and social disorganization in explaining youth delinquency?
Which statement best describes chronic offenders in the context of crime rates?
Which statement best describes chronic offenders in the context of crime rates?
What is a primary characteristic of conflict gangs as described in the content?
What is a primary characteristic of conflict gangs as described in the content?
How are youth gangs primarily formed in inner-city areas?
How are youth gangs primarily formed in inner-city areas?
Flashcards
Storylines
Storylines
Explanations offenders use to justify their criminal actions, often linking them to stressful events or conditions.
Emotional Dynamics
Emotional Dynamics
Stressful events intensify strain and alter interaction patterns, often leading to a change in the offender's personality.
Identity and Blame
Identity and Blame
Negative emotions like anger or humiliation make people search for blame, leading to criminal acts to protect their identity or status.
Youth Perspectives
Youth Perspectives
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Labor-Market Strain
Labor-Market Strain
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Low Self-Control
Low Self-Control
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Corner Boy
Corner Boy
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College Boy
College Boy
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Social Disorganization Theory
Social Disorganization Theory
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Concentric Zone Theory
Concentric Zone Theory
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Social Ecology School
Social Ecology School
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Community Deterioration
Community Deterioration
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Siege Mentality
Siege Mentality
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Population Turnover
Population Turnover
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Community Change Stages
Community Change Stages
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Queer Criminology
Queer Criminology
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Deconstructionism
Deconstructionism
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Semiotics
Semiotics
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Value-Laden Language
Value-Laden Language
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Power Through Discourse
Power Through Discourse
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Strain Theory
Strain Theory
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Weak Social Bonds
Weak Social Bonds
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Deviant Peer Groups
Deviant Peer Groups
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Positive Reinforcement for Deviance
Positive Reinforcement for Deviance
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Alienation
Alienation
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Social Exclusion
Social Exclusion
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Glueck Research
Glueck Research
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Drug Use and Crime
Drug Use and Crime
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Early Onset of Delinquency
Early Onset of Delinquency
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Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory
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What is the Problem Behavior Syndrome?
What is the Problem Behavior Syndrome?
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Why are drugs criminalized?
Why are drugs criminalized?
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What is the rational choice theory?
What is the rational choice theory?
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Attachment
Attachment
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Commitment
Commitment
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Involvement
Involvement
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Belief
Belief
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Labelling Theory
Labelling Theory
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Social Control Theory
Social Control Theory
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Stigmatization
Stigmatization
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Deviant Career
Deviant Career
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What is the Social Bond?
What is the Social Bond?
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Surplus Value
Surplus Value
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How is surplus value increased?
How is surplus value increased?
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Globalization and Surplus Value
Globalization and Surplus Value
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Instrumental Marxism's core belief
Instrumental Marxism's core belief
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Economic Influence on Crime
Economic Influence on Crime
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Class Conflict & Crime
Class Conflict & Crime
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Law's role in capitalism
Law's role in capitalism
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Corporate Crime vs. Traditional Crime
Corporate Crime vs. Traditional Crime
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Legacy of Shaw and McKay
Legacy of Shaw and McKay
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Green Crime
Green Crime
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Deforestation
Deforestation
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Unsafe Work Environments
Unsafe Work Environments
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Toxic Waste Dumping
Toxic Waste Dumping
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Corporate Culture Theory
Corporate Culture Theory
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White-Collar Crime
White-Collar Crime
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Shame of Discovery
Shame of Discovery
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Enforcement Challenges
Enforcement Challenges
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Public Order Crimes
Public Order Crimes
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Moral Crusades
Moral Crusades
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Moral Entrepreneurs
Moral Entrepreneurs
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Devlin's View
Devlin's View
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Immorality and Criminality
Immorality and Criminality
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Challenges in Enforcing Moral Laws
Challenges in Enforcing Moral Laws
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Moral Divide
Moral Divide
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Consent and Morality
Consent and Morality
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Online Sex Work Impact
Online Sex Work Impact
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Sex Work Motives
Sex Work Motives
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Child Sex Tourism
Child Sex Tourism
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Pimp's Role
Pimp's Role
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Cover for Sex Work
Cover for Sex Work
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Discreet Communication
Discreet Communication
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Sex Work Background Checks
Sex Work Background Checks
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High Percentage of Abuse
High Percentage of Abuse
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Differential Opportunity Theory
Differential Opportunity Theory
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Criminal Gangs
Criminal Gangs
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Conflict Gangs
Conflict Gangs
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Retreatist Gangs
Retreatist Gangs
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Chronic Offenders
Chronic Offenders
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Social Structure Theories' Influence
Social Structure Theories' Influence
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Impacts of White-Collar Crime
Impacts of White-Collar Crime
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Types of White-Collar Crime
Types of White-Collar Crime
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Victim Typology in Corporate Crime
Victim Typology in Corporate Crime
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Volatile Liquids
Volatile Liquids
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Barbiturates
Barbiturates
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Tranquillizers
Tranquillizers
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Amphetamines
Amphetamines
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Cannabis
Cannabis
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Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens
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Cocaine
Cocaine
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Narcotics
Narcotics
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Drug-Crime Connection
Drug-Crime Connection
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Subcultural View of Drug Use
Subcultural View of Drug Use
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Problem Behavior Syndrome (PBS)
Problem Behavior Syndrome (PBS)
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Rational Choice Theory of Drug Use
Rational Choice Theory of Drug Use
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Addiction Cycle
Addiction Cycle
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Study Notes
General Criminology Study Notes
- Criminology is the study of crime, including its causes, consequences, and prevention.
- Various theories attempt to explain why people commit crimes.
- Biological theories suggest inherent traits contribute to criminality, including those proposed in the 19th century by theorists such as Richard Dugdale and William Sheldon. Sheldon's somatotype theory categorized criminals based on physical build (mesomorphs, endomorphs, ectomorphs).
- Sociobiological theories examine the interplay between biology and social environment, like biological basis for crime proposed by Edmund o Wilson.
- Modern biological theories explore the influence of genetics, brain chemistry (low levels of chemicals and neurotransmitters), and nutrition (lack of vitamins, minimum levels of vitamins and minerals) on behavior and criminality.
- Environmental theories suggest that external factors such as environmental contaminants and dangerous environments can increase criminal behavior, like excessive exposure to various chemicals.
- Psychodynamic theories view personality development as crucial in understanding criminal behavior, as proposed by Sigmund Freud, who believed personality is composed of the ID, Ego, and Superego.
- Behavioral theories focus on how behaviors are learned and reinforced, like Albert Bandura's theory on learning aggression from family, environmental experiences, and media.
- Cognitive theories explore how people think and make decisions, including moral reasoning. Moral development, such as that researched by Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, and William James, and how individuals perceive the world. Lawrence Kohlberg's research on moral reasoning and its application to criminology also explored.
- Social structure theories investigate the relationship between social factors (like poverty, distribution change, unemployment, inequality, lower-class environments) and crime rates.
- Social process theories examine how interactions with family, peers, and institutions (schools, churches, recreation centers) shape behavior.
- Social control theories focus on factors preventing crime, such as social bonds and attachment, commitment, involvement, belief (e.g., Hirschi's Social Bond Theory).
- Labeling theories explore consequences of labeling individuals as "criminals," like master status labels affecting future behavior.
- Developmental theories investigate how criminal careers unfold over time and how they can change, such as early-onset and later-onset criminal behavior.
- Social disorganization theory, concentric zone theory, and strain theory are additional social structure theories in criminology. Social disorganization theory links crime rates to neighbourhood ecological areas (e.g., elevated in highly transient areas). Strain theory explores the possibility that having inadequate means of attaining success and that others may reject society's goals, while strain may cause feelings of humiliation, leading to criminal behaviour. Additionally, relative deprivation theory examines the feeling of injustice as a driver of criminal activity.
- Various additional theories, such as differential association theory, are also important in understanding criminal behavior. Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory focuses on how criminal behavior is learned through interactions. Control theory, developed by Travis Hirschi, explores the social bonds that prevent criminal activity.
- Criminology also considers the impact of organized crime, including the integration of legitimate businesses with organized crime and the historical evolution of organized crime. Also considered are political crimes, like election fraud, treason and espionage, as well as high-tech crimes, such as cybervandalism, cyberwar, cybertheft and cyberterrorism, along with state crime and forms of terrorism. The study includes green crimes, which consider harms to the environment, as well as white-collar crime. The concept of violence and corruption associated with organized crime, including the use of coercion, intimidation and manipulation of legal systems should also be understood.
- Radical criminology and Marxist feminist perspective, focusing on gender inequality, economic dependency of women in capitalist societies, their limited opportunities and male violence against women are also included. The perspective of the "victim-centered focus" and the role of the state in handling these kinds of crimes is explored along with policy implications and enforcement challenges. Specific topics explored include the challenges and strategies for addressing, and combating, these crimes.
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Description
Explore the complex relationship between drug abuse, crime, and individual behavior through this quiz. It delves into factors such as subculture influences, rational choice theory, and genetic aspects. Test your understanding of problem behavior syndrome and its connection to drug use.
