Sociology on Drug Abuse

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Questions and Answers

What is one factor that may contribute to drug abuse according to the subcultural view?

Wealthy upbringing

High self-esteem

Exposure to drug-abusing peers (correct)

Strong family support

Which statement best describes the relationship between drug use and crime?

Drug users primarily commit minor offenses unrelated to their addiction.

Drug users are typically more law-abiding than non-users.

There is no significant correlation between drug use and violent crime.

Drug abuse leads to higher rates of property and violent crimes. (correct)

What does the rational choice theory suggest about why some individuals use drugs?

They choose drugs for relaxation or social enhancement. (correct)

They want to fit in with their peers.

They cannot control their impulses.

They have a genetic predisposition to addiction.

Which of the following is a component of the problem behavior syndrome (PBS) related to drug abuse?

Delinquency Signup and view all the answers

What role do genetic factors play in drug abuse according to the content provided?

They can increase the likelihood of developing addictions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant outcome of less parental control in egalitarian families?

Similar delinquency rates between sons and daughters. Signup and view all the answers

Which issue is highlighted in the experiences of LGBTQ individuals within the justice system?

Trans individuals face increased rates of targeted violence. Signup and view all the answers

What does deconstructionism primarily analyze?

Power relations embedded in language and social structures. Signup and view all the answers

What does semiotics in language suggest about terms used in specific fields?

Language can evoke imagery and context beyond literal definitions. Signup and view all the answers

How does value-laden language contribute to societal biases?

It medicalizes natural experiences of specific groups, reinforcing stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of neighbourhoods affected by social disorganization theory?

Transient population and lack of cohesiveness Signup and view all the answers

Which theory connects crime rates to distinct neighbourhood ecological areas?

Social disorganization theory Signup and view all the answers

According to Shaw and McKay's concentric zone theory, what is a significant factor influencing crime rates?

Ecological conditions of different zones Signup and view all the answers

What term is defined by a community's perception that the outside world is an enemy?

Siege mentality Signup and view all the answers

What stage in the life cycle of urban areas involves a drop in socio-economic status and increased population density?

Decline Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with community deterioration according to the provided content?

Social unity Signup and view all the answers

What often leads adolescents to reject conventional values?

Strain and weakened social bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely outcome of weak bonds to conventional groups?

Greater likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts emphasizes the relationship between community deterioration and criminality?

Social ecology Signup and view all the answers

Which impact does transience have on crime rates in neighbourhoods according to social disorganization theory?

Increases crime as communities become fragmented Signup and view all the answers

How does involvement with deviant peers impact adolescents?

It offers them reinforcement for criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What factor is closely linked to delinquent behavior according to Integrated Structural Marxist Theory?

Negative family relationships and economic strain Signup and view all the answers

What role does economic strain play in criminal behavior?

It fosters frustration leading to criminal behavior Signup and view all the answers

What reinforces deviant behavior among youths in alienated environments?

Associations with similarly alienated peers Signup and view all the answers

According to the Glueck research on juvenile delinquency, what is a predictor of future criminality?

Early onset of delinquent behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the cycle of weak bonds and deviant peer influences?

Increased criminal activity Signup and view all the answers

What typically initiates a storyline according to Agnew's concept?

An upsetting event that amplifies strain. Signup and view all the answers

How do negative emotions contribute to criminal behavior according to the content?

They prompt individuals to find blame for their situations. Signup and view all the answers

How do beliefs about employment influence the criminal behavior of homeless street youth?

They increase the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does Baron’s research reveal about high-risk youth and crime?

Abuse and homelessness are factors influencing criminal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the 'Corner Boy' subculture?

Values peer group loyalty and engages in petty offenses. Signup and view all the answers

How does low self-control impact reactions to strain?

It increases aggressive behavior in response to strain. Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a 'College Boy' in the context of subcultures among lower-class males?

Aspires to middle-class success by adopting cultural values. Signup and view all the answers

How does relative deprivation affect crime based on gender?

It differentially influences property and violent crime depending on gender. Signup and view all the answers

What does the element of attachment in the social bond primarily refer to?

The emotional connections with family and friends Signup and view all the answers

How does commitment affect an individual's likelihood to engage in criminal activities?

It increases their stakes in maintaining a lawful lifestyle. Signup and view all the answers

Which element of social bond refers to how much time is spent in conventional activities?

Involvement Signup and view all the answers

According to social control theory, what is a potential weakness in the concept of involvement?

It assumes that involvement in positive activities always prevents crime. Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of Hirschi's assertion regarding weak social bonds?

Crime can also lead to the formation of weak bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What does labelling theory suggest about the effects of being labelled as a criminal?

It can reinforce a commitment to a deviant career. Signup and view all the answers

Which institutions are primarily involved in the process of labelling individuals as criminals?

Police, courts, and prisons Signup and view all the answers

How does belief in societal laws impact an individual's behavior according to social bond theory?

It lowers the likelihood of committing crimes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of neighbourhoods with high crime rates according to social disorganization theory?

High levels of poverty and transience Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does strain theory suggest contributes to crime?

Lack of legitimate means to achieve goals Signup and view all the answers

How do transitions in demographic makeup typically affect crime rates in urban areas?

They may increase crime in deteriorating neighbourhoods Signup and view all the answers

What do Shaw and McKay's concentric zone theory highlight about crime?

Crime rates vary by ecological zones Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically associated with communities experiencing social disorganization?

High social cohesion Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the phenomenon where residents believe the outside world is an enemy due to community disorganization?

Siege mentality Signup and view all the answers

What typically follows the decline stage in the life cycle of urban areas according to social ecologists?

Demographic change Signup and view all the answers

What relationship does the social ecology school suggest exists between economic decline and crime?

Economic decline correlates with increased criminality Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of deforestation and illegal logging?

Displacement of Indigenous communities Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributes to the fostering of white-collar crime in corporate environments?

Unrealistic profit goals Signup and view all the answers

What method do governments commonly use to suppress environmental protests?

Legal injunctions Signup and view all the answers

How is corporate culture related to the occurrence of white-collar crime?

It normalizes rule-breaking to achieve success Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary challenges in enforcing regulations against corporate crime?

Weak market conditions Signup and view all the answers

What can significantly deter white-collar crime according to the discussed theories?

Shame of discovery and corporate policies Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of activism is often labeled as 'ecoterrorism'?

Engaging in direct action against environmental harm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of unsafe work environments?

Exposure to hazardous materials Signup and view all the answers

What is surplus value primarily dependent on?

The cost of labor being less than the value of goods produced Signup and view all the answers

Which method does NOT help increase surplus value?

Increasing workers' wages Signup and view all the answers

How does capitalism influence crime rates according to the content?

By exploiting labor and creating visible affluence Signup and view all the answers

What role do laws play in capitalist structures?

To uphold economic inequality and suppress dissent Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about corporate crime is true?

Corporate crimes go largely unregulated or decriminalized Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the core belief of instrumental Marxism regarding the state?

The state operates primarily as an instrument of capitalist interests Signup and view all the answers

What is one major factor leading to individuals entering sex work?

Economic necessity Signup and view all the answers

How has online sex work changed the way sex workers connect with clients?

It allows for connection without physical interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What consequence may arise from class frustration as observed in the case studies mentioned?

Criminal behavior may emerge as a response to perceived inequality Signup and view all the answers

What role do pimps typically play in the lives of sex workers?

Offering protection and support. Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of instrumental Marxism related to legal systems?

It incorrectly assumes all laws favor the ruling class Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is disproportionately represented among sex workers, according to studies?

Indigenous women Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that many sex workers have in common in their backgrounds?

Experiences of abuse during childhood Signup and view all the answers

What has noticeably changed in the role of pimps with the emergence of independent sex workers?

The importance of pimps has significantly declined. Signup and view all the answers

What protective measure is offered by some online services for sex workers and clients?

Background checks for clients Signup and view all the answers

Which region is highlighted as having significant issues with child trafficking for sex tourism?

Latin America and Southeast Asia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of attachment in the context of social bonds?

It creates emotional connections that deter criminal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with a higher likelihood of criminal behavior according to social control theory?

Weak social bonds. Signup and view all the answers

How does belief in societal laws affect an individual's criminal behavior?

It reduces the likelihood of engaging in illegal activities. Signup and view all the answers

What role does involvement in conventional activities play in preventing crime?

It reduces the temptation to engage in criminal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is included in the expanded racketeering crimes under the Organized Crime Control Act?

Bribery Signup and view all the answers

According to labelling theory, what is a significant consequence of being labelled as a criminal?

It leads to increased social isolation and further deviance. Signup and view all the answers

What does commitment in the context of social bonds primarily involve?

Effort put into pursuing conventional goals. Signup and view all the answers

What measure allows Canadian police to seize property linked to crime proceeds?

Bill C-69 Signup and view all the answers

Which critique is noted regarding Hirschi's social control theory?

It does not consider that crime leads to weak bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective argues that the law requires shared moral values for society to function effectively?

Devlin’s View Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the actions taken by individuals or groups aiming to impose their moral beliefs on others, often leading to censorship?

Moral Entrepreneurs Signup and view all the answers

What does the involvement element of social bond theory imply about individuals engaged in legal activities?

They are less exposed to opportunities for crime. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a public order crime that is often regarded as a victimless crime?

Prostitution Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge in enforcing laws related to moral issues in society?

Public division over morality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the shift in societal attitudes concerning morality?

Legal systems evolve with changing moral views. Signup and view all the answers

Which option lists some of the Seven Deadly Sins that are immoral but not criminalized?

Pride, sloth, gluttony, wrath, avarice, envy, lust Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motive behind corporate crime?

Maximizing profits through illegal activities Signup and view all the answers

Which category does the theft of trade secrets fall under?

Corporate crime Signup and view all the answers

What impact can white-collar crime have on public perception?

Destroys confidence and integrity in commerce Signup and view all the answers

What type of crime involves illegal acts committed by government officials?

Government crime Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes occupational crime?

Illegal acts committed by employees against their employers Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered a collateral business crime?

Embezzlement from company funds Signup and view all the answers

What are acute disasters commonly associated with in the context of white-collar crime?

Negligence leading to sudden events like dam collapses Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a victim typology in corporate crime?

Consumers facing false advertising Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with drug users committing crimes?

Need to support their addiction Signup and view all the answers

What does the psychodynamic view suggest about the reasons for drug use?

It arises from emotional distress. Signup and view all the answers

How are substance abuse and criminality correlated?

Substance abuse leads to increased crime rates. Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that drug use can be a learned behavior from dysfunctional family settings?

Social learning theory Signup and view all the answers

What role do powerful claimsmakers play in the constructionist view of drug criminalization?

They influence public perception of drugs. Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant criticism of the Kinder Morgan Pipeline Expansion?

It poses environmental risks and infringes on Indigenous rights. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a form of green crime related to deforestation?

Contribution to biodiversity loss and carbon emissions. Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily drives white-collar crime according to Hirschi and Gottfredson?

Low self-control of individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What method of resistance do activists often employ against environmental harm?

Engaging in direct action considered as 'ecoterrorism.' Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT conducive to fostering white-collar crime?

Strong regulatory oversight. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge that hinders the enforcement of regulations against white-collar crime?

High costs and complexity of investigations. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach do corporations often take to suppress environmental protests?

Utilizing surveillance and legal tactics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of corporate policies that minimize secrecy regarding whistleblowing?

Deterred white-collar crime through accountability. Signup and view all the answers

What are the long-term effects of amphetamines on mental health?

Severe mental health issues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is primarily classified as a depressant?

Barbiturates Signup and view all the answers

What are some potential consequences of volatile liquid inhalation?

Disorientation and drowsiness Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with the use of narcotics like heroin?

They can lead to long-term addiction Signup and view all the answers

What major shift occurred in Canada regarding cannabis in 2018?

Decriminalization for medical use and regulation for recreational use Signup and view all the answers

Who typically runs drug smuggling operations according to the content?

Middle-aged individuals with strong organizational skills Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of long-term alcohol abuse?

Major health issues linked to addiction Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome for youths who persist in both drug use and crime?

They may have ongoing substance abuse into adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What type of crimes does the RICO Act specifically address?

Organized crimes such as murder and trafficking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures was introduced to enable police to seize property linked to crime proceeds in Canada?

Bill C-69 Signup and view all the answers

What is Devlin's argument regarding societal moral values?

They help society function cohesively. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes actions that do not violate a specific person's rights but still conflict with societal norms?

Public order crimes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following explains the relationship between morality and law as proposed in the content?

Moral views evolve, influencing legal change. Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral tendency is commonly associated with a delinquent boy in the context of immediate gratification?

Engages in reaction formation Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is often faced in enforcing laws related to public order crimes?

Public division over the morality of acts Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gang is characterized by individualistic, unorganized crime and uses violence to gain status?

Conflict Gangs Signup and view all the answers

What role do moral entrepreneurs play in society as described in the content?

They impose their moral beliefs on others through various means. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an example of vigilante actions in relation to morality?

Protests against controversial literature Signup and view all the answers

What factor is essential for the formation of youth gangs in disorganized areas?

Desire for middle-class values Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes retreatist gangs in the context of criminal behavior?

Individuals reject both legitimate and illegitimate avenues Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of the integration of strain theory and social disorganization in explaining youth delinquency?

Underlines the role of fitting into delinquent subcultures Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes chronic offenders in the context of crime rates?

They commit most crimes despite being a small group Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of conflict gangs as described in the content?

They primarily seek status through violence Signup and view all the answers

How are youth gangs primarily formed in inner-city areas?

Due to the unattainability of conventional success Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Criminology Study Notes

Criminology is the study of crime, including its causes, consequences, and prevention.
Various theories attempt to explain why people commit crimes.
Biological theories suggest inherent traits contribute to criminality, including those proposed in the 19th century by theorists such as Richard Dugdale and William Sheldon. Sheldon's somatotype theory categorized criminals based on physical build (mesomorphs, endomorphs, ectomorphs).
Sociobiological theories examine the interplay between biology and social environment, like biological basis for crime proposed by Edmund o Wilson.
Modern biological theories explore the influence of genetics, brain chemistry (low levels of chemicals and neurotransmitters), and nutrition (lack of vitamins, minimum levels of vitamins and minerals) on behavior and criminality.
Environmental theories suggest that external factors such as environmental contaminants and dangerous environments can increase criminal behavior, like excessive exposure to various chemicals.
Psychodynamic theories view personality development as crucial in understanding criminal behavior, as proposed by Sigmund Freud, who believed personality is composed of the ID, Ego, and Superego.
Behavioral theories focus on how behaviors are learned and reinforced, like Albert Bandura's theory on learning aggression from family, environmental experiences, and media.
Cognitive theories explore how people think and make decisions, including moral reasoning. Moral development, such as that researched by Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, and William James, and how individuals perceive the world. Lawrence Kohlberg's research on moral reasoning and its application to criminology also explored.
Social structure theories investigate the relationship between social factors (like poverty, distribution change, unemployment, inequality, lower-class environments) and crime rates.
Social process theories examine how interactions with family, peers, and institutions (schools, churches, recreation centers) shape behavior.
Social control theories focus on factors preventing crime, such as social bonds and attachment, commitment, involvement, belief (e.g., Hirschi's Social Bond Theory).
Labeling theories explore consequences of labeling individuals as "criminals," like master status labels affecting future behavior.
Developmental theories investigate how criminal careers unfold over time and how they can change, such as early-onset and later-onset criminal behavior.
Social disorganization theory, concentric zone theory, and strain theory are additional social structure theories in criminology. Social disorganization theory links crime rates to neighbourhood ecological areas (e.g., elevated in highly transient areas). Strain theory explores the possibility that having inadequate means of attaining success and that others may reject society's goals, while strain may cause feelings of humiliation, leading to criminal behaviour. Additionally, relative deprivation theory examines the feeling of injustice as a driver of criminal activity.
Various additional theories, such as differential association theory, are also important in understanding criminal behavior. Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory focuses on how criminal behavior is learned through interactions. Control theory, developed by Travis Hirschi, explores the social bonds that prevent criminal activity.
Criminology also considers the impact of organized crime, including the integration of legitimate businesses with organized crime and the historical evolution of organized crime. Also considered are political crimes, like election fraud, treason and espionage, as well as high-tech crimes, such as cybervandalism, cyberwar, cybertheft and cyberterrorism, along with state crime and forms of terrorism. The study includes green crimes, which consider harms to the environment, as well as white-collar crime. The concept of violence and corruption associated with organized crime, including the use of coercion, intimidation and manipulation of legal systems should also be understood.
Radical criminology and Marxist feminist perspective, focusing on gender inequality, economic dependency of women in capitalist societies, their limited opportunities and male violence against women are also included. The perspective of the "victim-centered focus" and the role of the state in handling these kinds of crimes is explored along with policy implications and enforcement challenges. Specific topics explored include the challenges and strategies for addressing, and combating, these crimes.

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Description

Explore the complex relationship between drug abuse, crime, and individual behavior through this quiz. It delves into factors such as subculture influences, rational choice theory, and genetic aspects. Test your understanding of problem behavior syndrome and its connection to drug use.