Sociology of Deviant Behavior Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does the theory of differential association propose about deviant behavior?

  • Deviance occurs only in urban settings and is unrelated to social context.
  • Deviance is primarily a result of individual choices.
  • Deviant behavior is inherited and not learned.
  • Deviance is a socially learned behavior transmitted in disorganized environments. (correct)

Which characteristic does NOT contribute to social disorganization according to the sociological theories discussed?

  • High mobility.
  • Ethnic diversity.
  • Strong community ties. (correct)
  • Low economic status.

In the context of Durkheim’s anomie, what usually leads to increased crime rates?

  • High levels of community involvement.
  • Consistency in economic status across communities.
  • Strong adherence to societal norms.
  • A breakdown of social order and norms. (correct)

What does the term 'modes of adaptation' refer to in the context of achieving socially approved goals?

<p>The various ways individuals respond to the absence of social norms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which zone is identified as the transitional zone in concentric-circle theory, known for its high crime rates?

<p>Zone 2 - The transitional zone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the lifestyle model suggest about lifestyle habits in relation to crime victimization?

<p>More active and social individuals face higher victimization risks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis indicates that victims and offenders often share certain characteristics?

<p>Equivalent groups hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proximity hypothesis suggests individuals may place themselves at risk by engaging in what type of lifestyle?

<p>High-risk lifestyles like attending certain bars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the deviant place hypothesis?

<p>Some areas have higher risks of crime due to their characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Brownridge (2010) used the lifestyle model to explain which group’s elevated risk of victimization?

<p>Indigenous men in Canada (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies the lifestyle model's view of victimization risk?

<p>A young adult socializing in a crowded bar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the lifestyle model relate victimization risk to social interactions?

<p>More social interactions may increase victimization risk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of opportunity models of offending in relation to victimization risk?

<p>Demographic and situational conditions contribute to victimization risk. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sociology view crime in relation to human interaction?

<p>Crime is considered a social phenomenon influenced by interaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does psychology play in understanding criminal behavior?

<p>It looks at personality and mental characteristics of criminals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective emphasizes the influence of economic conditions on crime rates?

<p>Economic perspective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the interdisciplinary nature of criminology?

<p>Criminology includes classical and positivist schools of thought. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT commonly explored by criminologists studying the geography and environment of crime?

<p>Chemical imbalances in the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential outcome do criminologists hope to achieve through their inquiries into crime prevention?

<p>Proactively prevent crime using environmental insights. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In criminology, what is the significance of understanding free will and deterministic forces?

<p>They help explain the complexity of criminal behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant criminological perspective in North America?

<p>Sociological perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social-Structural Tradition

This approach focuses on the role of social institutions, such as family, religion, and the economy, in shaping crime rates.

Concentric-Circle Theory

This theory describes how cities grow outwards in rings, with each ring having distinct social and environmental characteristics. The zone of transition, often the second ring, is associated with higher crime rates.

Social Disorganization Theory

This theory suggests that crime results from a breakdown of social control in communities experiencing social and economic instability.

Differential Association Theory

This theory explains deviance as a learned behavior passed down through generations, particularly in disorganized urban areas.

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Anomie

A state where social norms and values lose their influence, often due to a lack of homogeneity, leading to increased crime.

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Lifestyle Model

The idea that a person's habits and activities can increase their risk of becoming a victim of crime.

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Equivalent Groups Hypothesis

Suggests that victims and offenders often share similar characteristics, especially for personal crimes.

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Proximity Hypothesis

States that people increase their risk by engaging in high-risk activities or being in high-risk environments.

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Deviant Place Hypothesis

Certain areas are more prone to criminal activity due to factors like gangs or nightlife.

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Risk Factors of Victimization

Lifestyle factors, such as frequenting dangerous places or engaging in risky behaviors, contribute to a higher likelihood of becoming a victim of crime.

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Opportunity Models of Offending

These models suggest that demographic factors like age, socioeconomic status, and social contexts influence the likelihood of crime.

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Social and Economic Factors (Victimization)

Factors like poverty, lack of opportunities, and social isolation can increase vulnerability to crime.

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Indigenous Victimization

Indigenous men in Canada often face higher rates of violent victimization compared to non-Indigenous men.

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State as Offender

The government can be considered an offender if it fails to protect victims or deter crime due to flaws in its social control system.

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Biological Criminology

This field explores the possibility that certain criminal behaviors are influenced by biological factors like genetics, neurology, or chemical imbalances.

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Economic Criminology

This field examines the connection between economic factors like unemployment, poverty, and inequality, and crime rates.

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Environmental Criminology

This field studies how various aspects of the environment, like physical layout, weather, or social areas, contribute to crime.

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Political Criminology

This field analyzes how government policies and decisions impact crime rates and the criminal justice system.

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Psychological Criminology

This field focuses on understanding the mental processes and differences in personality traits between criminals and non-criminals.

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Sociological Criminology

This field investigates how social interactions, cultural values, and social structures influence crime.

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Free Will vs. Determinism

Criminologists acknowledge that criminal behavior arises from a combination of individual choices (free will) and factors beyond individual control (determinism).

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Study Notes

SOCI 250 Review - October 28, 2023

  • Chapter 1.1: What is Crime?
    • Crime is a socially constructed concept.
    • It's a term for acts requiring formal control and intervention.
    • Acts are deemed "wrong" or "anti-social"
    • Crime used to be handled through personal retribution.
    • Now the role is taken by criminal justice systems.
    • All legal definitions of crime have one shared characteristic: violation of criminal law, without the act there's no crime.
    • Crimes can be serious (indictable) including assault and major theft or less serious (summary) like petty theft.
    • Conventional crimes: direct/indirect contact (e.g., robbery, break-and-enter)
    • Non-conventional crimes: don't fall under the criminal justice system; include transnational crime (e.g., human trafficking,terrorism), white-collar crimes (e.g., insider trading, fraud), and public order crimes (e.g., drug possession, underage sex, pornography).
    • Often the line between categories can be blurry.
  • Deviance:
    • Deviance violates a social or moral norm but not necessarily a law (e.g., cutting in line)
  • Decriminalization: Reducing or removing penalties, but it doesn't legalize the act.
  • Crime is Relative: Crime is not universally defined; it varies by time and location.
  • Crime is Evolutive: The definition and aspects of crime change over time.
  • Crime and Deviance Hierarchy:
    • Social diversions are minor and not regulated.
    • Social deviations are disreputable behaviours, subject to regulation.
    • Conflict crimes are not universally criminal but still defined as such legally, for example procuring a sex worker.

Section 1.2: What is Criminology?

  • Criminology is an interdisciplinary science studying criminal behaviour, causation, prevention, and rehabilitation.
  • Criminologists are behavioural scientists specializing in identifying and analyzing criminal behaviour.
  • Criminology integrates knowledge from many disciplines into formal theories.

Section 1.3: The Canadian Criminal Justice System

  • The Canadian system includes: police, courts, and correctional facilities.
  • Main functions: investigate, lay charges, and prosecute offences, determine guilt/innocence, sentence offenders, and administer the criminal justice process.

Section 1.4: Historical Overview

  • The 18th-century Enlightenment period marked early sociological thought on crime.
  • Scholars like Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham emphasized that crime resulted from free will.

Section 1.5: Sub-Areas of Criminology

  • Criminal statistics: Assess crime data.
  • Sociology of law: Studies the origins and influence of law.

Section 1.6: Disciplinary Perspectives

  • Biology: Suggests that certain human traits are biological/genetic or neurological.
  • Economics: Links crime to unemployment, economic recession, and social status and power.
  • Geography and the Environment: Examines environmental factors influencing crime rates.
  • Political Science: Examines criminal justice and policy changes.
  • Psychology: Studies criminal behaviour and mental processes.
  • Sociology: Studies human interactions, norms, and laws.

Section 1.7: Interdisciplinary Criminology

  • Both free will and deterministic forces shape criminal behaviour.
  • Criminology should be approached as an interdisciplinary field integrating various research disciplines in its search for explanations.

Section 1.8: Putting Theory into Practice

  • Criminologists utilize data and theory to develop practical criminal justice solutions.
  • Their work is important for government policymaking.
  • Criminology's responsibilities require ethical considerations.

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SOCI 250 Review Document - PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on key sociological theories related to deviant behavior and crime. This quiz covers concepts such as differential association, social disorganization, and anomie, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of these important topics in sociology. Dive deep into the lifestyle model and hypotheses surrounding crime victimization.

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