Sociology Exam 3 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are the two factors that contribute to the occurrence of a crime?

The presence of at least one motivated offender and the conditions of the environment.

What does Erving Goffman refer to as 'spoiled identity'?

An identity that is socially accepted

An identity that causes stigma (correct)

An identity that is unique

An identity that is celebrated

What is social stigma?

Extreme disapproval of a person or group based on socially characteristic grounds.

What does the phrase 'condemn the condemners' imply?

Deflecting blame onto those who criticize us Signup and view all the answers

What does 'appealing to a higher loyalty' mean?

Justifying actions by adhering to other norms or loyalties Signup and view all the answers

A term used to describe an identity that causes a person to experience stigma is _____ identity.

spoiled Signup and view all the answers

The experience of moving through life with a deeply discrediting attribute is referred to as _____ by Erving Goffman.

stigma Signup and view all the answers

What is an ascribed status?

Assigned by society without regard for personal characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is an achieved status?

Comes through individual efforts and actions Signup and view all the answers

What is a master status?

The primary identifying characteristic of an individual. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'status' refer to in sociology?

A social position that a person holds. Signup and view all the answers

What is a social role?

A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position. Signup and view all the answers

What is social structure?

Recurring and enduring patterns of social behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is social interaction?

The ways in which people respond to one another. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary group?

A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary group?

A formal, impersonal group in which social intimacy is minimal. Signup and view all the answers

What is deviance?

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the labeling theory?

The theory of how society labels people based on their behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What are sanctions?

Rewards or punishments that encourage conformity. Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural transmission?

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Routine Activities Theory?

A theory that focuses on situations of crime and suggests crime is affected by opportunity. Signup and view all the answers

What is deviant behavior?

Behavior that falls outside the accepted norms within a society. Signup and view all the answers

What is organized crime?

The work of a group regulating relations among criminal enterprises. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Statuses in Society

Ascribed Status: Assigned at birth; includes race, gender, and age without consideration of individual traits.
Achieved Status: Attained through personal efforts; examples include professions such as lawyer or social worker.
Master Status: Dominant social position that defines identity; influences professional and social potential (e.g., being a woman in traditional roles).

Status: A person's social position within society.
Social Role: Expectations and behaviors linked to a specific status.
Social Structure: Patterns of relationships and social behavior that endure over time, forming societal frameworks.

Interaction and Groups

Social Interaction: The ways individuals respond to one another in various social contexts.
Groups: Collections of individuals with shared norms and values, interacting continuously.
- Primary Group: Small, intimate groups such as family or close friends.
- Secondary Group: Larger, more formal groups with limited intimacy, like a workplace or classroom.
Dyad and Triad: Smallest types of groups consisting of two and three people, respectively.
Coalition: An alliance formed between individuals or groups to achieve a common goal.

Ingroup: Groups with which an individual identifies.
Outgroup: Groups with which an individual does not identify.
Reference Group: Groups used as standards for self-evaluation.
Aggregate Group: Individuals who are together in a setting but do not interact meaningfully.

Social Institutions: Structured patterns of beliefs and behaviors that satisfy essential societal needs, such as family and education.
Functional Prerequisites: Essential tasks for societal survival, including replacing personnel and maintaining order.

Deviance: Behavior that violates societal norms, varying across cultures.
Social Control: Techniques and strategies to prevent deviant behavior, including formal and informal controls.
Control Theory: Suggests that societal connections lead to conformity; inner and outer controls work against deviance.
Reactions to Deviance: Include sanctions, degradation ceremonies, and imprisonment.

Labeling and Stigma

Labeling Theory: Society defines deviance by labeling individuals, which affects self-identity and behavior.
Stigma: Labels that devalue individuals or groups, affecting their social identity.
Spoiled Identity: An identity marred by stigma, impacting individual's social acceptance.

Crime and Criminal Behavior

Crime: Violation of laws leading to formal penalties.
Victimless Crime: Illegal exchanges between consenting adults, such as drug abuse.
Organized Crime: Groups regulating illegal activities across various enterprises.
White Collar Crime: Offenses committed for financial gain through business transactions; often less stigmatized than violent crime.

Differential Justice

Differential Justice: The notion that justice systems treat individuals differently based on race and social class.
Techniques of Neutralization: Justifications used to minimize responsibility for deviant acts, including denial of responsibility and blaming victims.
Routine Activities Theory: Focuses on crime opportunity as influenced by social situations rather than social causes.

Important Concepts

Cultural Transmission: Process of passing norms and values across generations.
Socialization: Contributing factor to conformity and obedience to societal norms.
Criminal Behavior: Learned through interactions and exposure to positive attitudes towards crime.

These notes encompass critical concepts in sociology regarding statuses, roles, groups, institutions, deviance, and crime, providing a comprehensive overview for study preparation.

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Description

Prepare for your Sociology Exam 3 with these flashcards. This quiz covers important concepts such as ascribed status, achieved status, and master status. Test your understanding and retention of key terms used in sociology.