Sociology Exam 3 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What are the two factors that contribute to the occurrence of a crime?

The presence of at least one motivated offender and the conditions of the environment.

What does Erving Goffman refer to as 'spoiled identity'?

  • An identity that is socially accepted
  • An identity that causes stigma (correct)
  • An identity that is unique
  • An identity that is celebrated
  • What is social stigma?

    Extreme disapproval of a person or group based on socially characteristic grounds.

    What does the phrase 'condemn the condemners' imply?

    <p>Deflecting blame onto those who criticize us</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'appealing to a higher loyalty' mean?

    <p>Justifying actions by adhering to other norms or loyalties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A term used to describe an identity that causes a person to experience stigma is _____ identity.

    <p>spoiled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The experience of moving through life with a deeply discrediting attribute is referred to as _____ by Erving Goffman.

    <p>stigma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ascribed status?

    <p>Assigned by society without regard for personal characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an achieved status?

    <p>Comes through individual efforts and actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a master status?

    <p>The primary identifying characteristic of an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'status' refer to in sociology?

    <p>A social position that a person holds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a social role?

    <p>A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social structure?

    <p>Recurring and enduring patterns of social behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social interaction?

    <p>The ways in which people respond to one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary group?

    <p>A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a secondary group?

    <p>A formal, impersonal group in which social intimacy is minimal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deviance?

    <p>Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the labeling theory?

    <p>The theory of how society labels people based on their behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are sanctions?

    <p>Rewards or punishments that encourage conformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cultural transmission?

    <p>The process by which one generation passes culture to the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Routine Activities Theory?

    <p>A theory that focuses on situations of crime and suggests crime is affected by opportunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is deviant behavior?

    <p>Behavior that falls outside the accepted norms within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is organized crime?

    <p>The work of a group regulating relations among criminal enterprises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Statuses in Society

    • Ascribed Status: Assigned at birth; includes race, gender, and age without consideration of individual traits.
    • Achieved Status: Attained through personal efforts; examples include professions such as lawyer or social worker.
    • Master Status: Dominant social position that defines identity; influences professional and social potential (e.g., being a woman in traditional roles).

    Social Structures and Roles

    • Status: A person's social position within society.
    • Social Role: Expectations and behaviors linked to a specific status.
    • Social Structure: Patterns of relationships and social behavior that endure over time, forming societal frameworks.

    Interaction and Groups

    • Social Interaction: The ways individuals respond to one another in various social contexts.
    • Groups: Collections of individuals with shared norms and values, interacting continuously.
      • Primary Group: Small, intimate groups such as family or close friends.
      • Secondary Group: Larger, more formal groups with limited intimacy, like a workplace or classroom.
    • Dyad and Triad: Smallest types of groups consisting of two and three people, respectively.
    • Coalition: An alliance formed between individuals or groups to achieve a common goal.

    Social Categories and Dynamics

    • Ingroup: Groups with which an individual identifies.
    • Outgroup: Groups with which an individual does not identify.
    • Reference Group: Groups used as standards for self-evaluation.
    • Aggregate Group: Individuals who are together in a setting but do not interact meaningfully.

    Social Institutions

    • Social Institutions: Structured patterns of beliefs and behaviors that satisfy essential societal needs, such as family and education.
    • Functional Prerequisites: Essential tasks for societal survival, including replacing personnel and maintaining order.

    Deviance and Social Control

    • Deviance: Behavior that violates societal norms, varying across cultures.
    • Social Control: Techniques and strategies to prevent deviant behavior, including formal and informal controls.
    • Control Theory: Suggests that societal connections lead to conformity; inner and outer controls work against deviance.
    • Reactions to Deviance: Include sanctions, degradation ceremonies, and imprisonment.

    Labeling and Stigma

    • Labeling Theory: Society defines deviance by labeling individuals, which affects self-identity and behavior.
    • Stigma: Labels that devalue individuals or groups, affecting their social identity.
    • Spoiled Identity: An identity marred by stigma, impacting individual's social acceptance.

    Crime and Criminal Behavior

    • Crime: Violation of laws leading to formal penalties.
    • Victimless Crime: Illegal exchanges between consenting adults, such as drug abuse.
    • Organized Crime: Groups regulating illegal activities across various enterprises.
    • White Collar Crime: Offenses committed for financial gain through business transactions; often less stigmatized than violent crime.

    Differential Justice

    • Differential Justice: The notion that justice systems treat individuals differently based on race and social class.
    • Techniques of Neutralization: Justifications used to minimize responsibility for deviant acts, including denial of responsibility and blaming victims.
    • Routine Activities Theory: Focuses on crime opportunity as influenced by social situations rather than social causes.

    Important Concepts

    • Cultural Transmission: Process of passing norms and values across generations.
    • Socialization: Contributing factor to conformity and obedience to societal norms.
    • Criminal Behavior: Learned through interactions and exposure to positive attitudes towards crime.

    These notes encompass critical concepts in sociology regarding statuses, roles, groups, institutions, deviance, and crime, providing a comprehensive overview for study preparation.

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    Description

    Prepare for your Sociology Exam 3 with these flashcards. This quiz covers important concepts such as ascribed status, achieved status, and master status. Test your understanding and retention of key terms used in sociology.

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