Sociology Chapters 16-18, 21 Flashcards & Quiz

Questions and Answers

What kind of economy is Alex living in?

Democratic

Capitalist

Market Socialist (correct)

Market Communist

What is one reason unemployment statistics are unreliable?

The statistics include only those who are currently looking for work.

Which of the following industries is not projected to experience growth in the next 10 years?

Community and Social Service

Farming, Fishing, and Forestry (correct)

Healthcare

Financial

New York City is a ______ city.

Global Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of convergence theory in action?

Germany rebuilt its economy after World War II. Signup and view all the answers

Tarah is part of a:

Mass Signup and view all the answers

Which type of framing did the anti-drug campaign use?

Motivational Signup and view all the answers

Which theory attempts to explain PETA's success?

Resource mobilization theory Signup and view all the answers

This is an example of which theory?

Emergent norm Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is the National Organization for Marriage participating in?

Resistance Signup and view all the answers

When social movements link their goals to those of other movements and merge, this is referred to as:

Frame alignment process Signup and view all the answers

Define a Conventional Crowd.

People who come together for a regularly scheduled event. Signup and view all the answers

Define an Acting Crowd.

Crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal. Signup and view all the answers

Define a Casual Crowd.

People who share close proximity without really interacting. Signup and view all the answers

Define an Expressive Crowd.

Crowds who share opportunities to express emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a convergence cluster?

A group of friends traveling to New York City for the weekend Signup and view all the answers

According to Neil Smelser, several conditions must be in place for __________ to occur.

Collective behavior Signup and view all the answers

Neil Smelser's theory of crowd behavior is referred to as ______ theory.

Value-added Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best definition of social change?

The change in society created through social movements as well as external factors. Signup and view all the answers

Assembling perspective falls under which sociological perspective?

Interactionist Signup and view all the answers

The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is a ____ group.

Reform Signup and view all the answers

When the news of Proposition 8 broke, which stage represents this?

Coalescence stage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a widely contributing factor in social change?

Disease Signup and view all the answers

What sociological perspective is Chip referring to?

Assembling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines a social movement?

A purposeful organized group hoping to work toward a common social goal. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT account for the differences in the educational system from country to country?

Geographic distribution of male and female students Signup and view all the answers

The term formal education is defined as:

The learning of academic facts and concepts Signup and view all the answers

Jackson lives in rural Chile, and is the son of a poor farmer. The nearest school is 50 miles away, and he has no means to get there. What does the educational system in Jackson's country lack?

Universal access Signup and view all the answers

Which court case set the precedent for access to education within the United States for students with disabilities?

Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a latent function of education?

Transmission of culture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education?

Social networks Signup and view all the answers

Malik grew up in an affluent household which embraced activities such as attending the opera, visiting museums, and traveling to foreign countries at least once a year. When Malik goes to college, he finds he has much to talk about with professors and fellow students from similar backgrounds. Malik is enjoying the benefits of:

Cultural capital Signup and view all the answers

The concept hidden curriculum can be defined as:

A type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used within the United States to produce educational equality?

Mandatory tutoring Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sociological perspectives argues that the educational system reinforces and perpetuates social inequalities arising from differences in class, gender, race and ethnicity?

Conflict theory Signup and view all the answers

Kara has behavioral problems as a young child. As she goes through school, she is labeled 'troubled,' and told she will never amount to anything. Kara, though intelligent, decides to 'live down' to this expectation. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in studying Kara's experience?

Symbolic interactionism Signup and view all the answers

The term sorting can be defined as:

Classifying students based on academic merit or potential Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist studied how cultural capital helps an individual navigate their culture?

Pierre Bourdieu Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson?

It allowed racial segregation in schools and private businesses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Brown v. the Board of Education?

It declared that state laws that had established separate schools for black and white students were unequal and unconstitutional. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia?

It set the precedent for universal access to education in the United States. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Head Start Program?

A federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status Signup and view all the answers

To make students more competitive in the workforce and for graduate school, college professors are beginning to lower the standard for student grades. This is known as:

Grade inflation Signup and view all the answers

When Ahmed is in 5th grade, he does poorly in math and science. His teachers recommend him for lower-level classes throughout middle school in all subjects, and he's not given the chance to excel elsewhere. This process is known as:

Tracking Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to inequality within the educational system in the United States?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How did Max Weber define power?

The ability to exercise one's will over others Signup and view all the answers

Juan believes that battles such as the French Revolution are necessary for a country to preserve liberty, to maintain or gain land, and will ultimately lead to a more even distribution of wealth among a population. From which sociological perspective do Juan's thoughts come from?

Conflict theory Signup and view all the answers

What is traditional power?

Power legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs. Signup and view all the answers

What is charismatic power?

Power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities. Signup and view all the answers

What is rational-legal power?

Power that is legitimized by rules, regulations, and laws. Signup and view all the answers

Which sociological perspective would consider activism such as Occupy Wall Street and Teacher's Union rallies undesirable, because they force political change?

Functionalism Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an oligarchy and a monarchy?

Members of an oligarchy do not necessarily achieve their status based on ties to noble ancestry, while members of a monarchy do Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist studied the power elite and wrote the book entitled Who Rules America?

G. William Domhoff Signup and view all the answers

Communist regimes, which attempt to control all aspects of citizens' lives, are examples of which form of government?

Totalitarian dictatorship Signup and view all the answers

In recent decades, lobbying has become a powerful force in the political world. Lobbyists frequently meet behind closed doors with senators, lawmakers, and congressmen and women to push influential legislation through the congressional process. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in examining the lobbying movement?

Symbolic interactionism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the term patrimonialism?

A type of authority wherein military and administrative factions enforce the power of the master Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the famous case Reynolds v. Sims?

It reaffirmed the concept that each person's vote should be counted equally Signup and view all the answers

Queen Noor of Jordan is a leader of which form of government?

Constitutional monarchy Signup and view all the answers

Over the past decades, the turnout of minority voters has:

Steadily increased Signup and view all the answers

From the functionalist perspective, which of the following is NOT a purpose of government?

Lobbying for domestic corporate interests Signup and view all the answers

Kendra believes the U.S. government to be corrupt, and thinks that there should be no governing force to control people's lives. Kendra believes in:

Anarchy Signup and view all the answers

Please define representative democracy:

A government wherein citizens elect officials to represent their interests Signup and view all the answers

Hitler was an example of what kind of authority?

Charismatic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to a lower percentage of voter turnout from those who come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds?

Lower-paying jobs frequently have less flexible hours, making time to vote difficult Signup and view all the answers

Which sociologist saw political conflict as the only means of promoting positive change for the underprivileged?

Karl Marx Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the term commodity?

A physical object we find, grow, or make to meet our needs and those of others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of structural unemployment?

Though many companies are hiring in Washington D.C., unemployment is high in Tennessee Signup and view all the answers

During what time period did economies begin to develop globally?

The Agricultural Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Terrence and his family own a farm in a remote region of Chile. They farm only enough to produce enough food to feed the family and pay their taxes. What are Terrence and his family engaging in?

Subsistence Farming Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of polarization?

The job market is increasing in the lowest economic levels, and is increasing in the highest economic levels Signup and view all the answers

Jin is a conflict theorist sociologist. Which of the following statements about Occupy Wall Street would most align with Jin's sociological perspective?

Occupy Wall Street is positive; our capitalist economy is only making social inequality grow larger Signup and view all the answers

The term xenophobia can best be defined as:

An illogical fear and even hatred of foreigners and foreign goods Signup and view all the answers

Davis is low on cash, but really wants an electric guitar. He offers to trade his acoustic guitar for his friend Bill's electric guitar. Davis is engaging in:

Bartering Signup and view all the answers

By 2009, America had suffered several consecutive quarters of economic decline. America was in the midst of a:

Recession Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines the term globalization?

The process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of NAFTA?

It allowed freer trade opportunities for the United States, Canada, and Mexico Signup and view all the answers

Apple computers ship their computer parts to India to be made, and station their tech support in India. This is an example of a:

Global assembly line Signup and view all the answers

Keshawn used to work for an IT company in Baltimore, but lost his job when his company decided to use workers in New Delhi instead. This is an example of:

Outsourcing Signup and view all the answers

The term mercantilism can best be defined as:

An economic policy based on national policies of accumulating silver and gold by controlling markets with colonies and other countries through taxes and customs charges Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an example of underemployment?

After college graduation, Marcus could only find work part-time as a bartender Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Educational System Differences

Geographic distribution of male and female students does not explain variations in educational systems globally.
Formal education involves learning academic facts and concepts, distinct from cultural values and norms.
Universal access to education is critically lacking in rural areas, hindering students like Jackson in Chile.

Landmark Court Cases

Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia established a precedent for educational access for students with disabilities.
Brown v. Board of Education ruled that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

Functions of Education

Latent functions of education include political and social integration, courtship, and group work, while transmission of culture is a manifest function.
Hidden curriculum refers to nonacademic knowledge gained through informal cultural transmission.

Concepts in Sociology

Cultural capital enhances individuals' ability to navigate social environments, as shown by Malik's affluent upbringing.
Tracking classifies students based on perceived academic merit, affecting their educational paths.

Sociological Perspectives

Conflict theory asserts that education perpetuates social inequalities related to class, race, and gender.
Symbolic interactionism focuses on individual experiences and labels, as seen in Kara's educational labeling.

Political Theories and Structures

Power can be classified as traditional, charismatic, or rational-legal, influencing governance styles.
Conflict theory perceives activism, like Occupy Wall Street, as a necessary response to exacerbate inequalities within a capitalist system.

Democracy and Governance

Representative democracy empowers citizens by electing officials to reflect their interests.
Constitutional monarchy involves rulers bound by laws, differing from absolute monarchies and oligarchies.

Economic Concepts

Commodity pertains to physical objects produced to satisfy needs.
Structural unemployment occurs when job opportunities shift geographically, leaving some regions disadvantaged.
Globalization integrates markets and cultures through international trade, while NAFTA promotes trade between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

Job Market and Employment Trends

Outsourcing and globalization illustrate shifts in employment practices, impacting traditional job markets.
Recession indicates consecutive economic declines, contrasting the term with "depression," which signifies more prolonged downturns.

Voter turnout disparities often stem from socioeconomic barriers, with lower income jobs limiting participation.
Xenophobia is characterized by irrational fear of foreigners, influencing societal behavior and policies.

Theories of Economic Organization

Market socialism allows limited private ownership in a primarily socialist framework.
Convergence theory exemplified by Germany's post-WWII recovery highlights the adaptation of economies toward shared prosperity.### Social Dynamics and Movements
Suburbs of Paris faced increased crime rates due to wealthier citizens displacing lower-class communities.
Washington D.C. attracts young people with its low unemployment rate and job opportunities.

Mass: A large group, such as fans at a sold-out concert, gathering in a shared experience.
Conventional Crowd: People gather for regularly scheduled events, like a concert or sporting event.
Acting Crowd: Focused on specific actions or goals, indicative of collective intent.
Casual Crowd: Individuals in close proximity without meaningful interaction.
Expressive Crowd: Collective emotional expression, often seen in celebration or protest.

Collective Behavior Theories

Emergent Norm Theory: Explains how new behaviors develop in uncertain situations, as seen with airplane crash survivors adapting to their context.
Value-Added Theory: Indicates conditions necessary for collective behavior to manifest, as defined by Neil Smelser.
Resource Mobilization Theory: Highlights how groups like PETA leverage resources for social change, contributing to their effectiveness.

Resistance Movement: Opposes new social changes, exemplified by groups like the National Organization for Marriage.
Reform Movement: Aims to change specific laws or social norms without radical overhaul, as exemplified by the Human Rights Campaign.
Alternative Movement: Focuses on individual behavior changes rather than societal reforms.

Coalescence Stage: Represents the unification of protestors utilizing social media for organization, as seen during the Proposition 8 protests.
Other stages include initial awareness, public mobilization, and institutionalization.

Social change results from movements and external factors, including environmental shifts and technological advancements.
Disease is noted as not a traditional contributing factor to social change compared to societal institutions and advancements.