Sociology Chapter on Race and Ethnicity
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What distinguishes 'race' from 'ethnicity'?

  • Race is defined solely by geographical boundaries, whereas ethnicity relates to specific historical contexts.
  • Race is influenced by social status, while ethnicity has no social implications.
  • Race is a socially constructed concept with genetic implications, while ethnicity is shared culture. (correct)
  • Race is based on cultural practices, while ethnicity is based on physical characteristics.

    • Which process involves marking social groups for unequal treatment based on physical differences?

  • Colonialism
  • Assimilation
  • Racialization (correct)
  • Conformity

    • What is the primary characteristic of a minority group?

  • They possess distinct cultural traits that differ significantly from the majority group. (correct)
  • They represent the largest demographic within a society.
  • They have equal social power compared to the majority.
  • They are always smaller in size than the majority group.

    • Which term describes the view that Europeans are superior to all other races?

    <p>Eurocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from internalized racism?

    <p>Identity confusion among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miscegenation primarily involves which of the following?

    <p>The blending of different racialized groups through social relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stigma play in society?

    <p>It creates barriers to equality by imposing false characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an ethnic group?

    <p>A group that shares a common culture and identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of racialization contribute to societal views on intelligence?

    <p>It reinforces stereotypes linking intelligence to race.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of 'internalized racism'?

    <p>The assumption of negative stereotypes as personal identity traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines white-collar crime in comparison to street crime?

    <p>White-collar crime is committed by those with privileged status and often impacts larger victims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the concept of differential association theory, what is crucial for the development of criminal behavior?

    <p>A predominance of definitions favorable to crime over those favorable to law-abiding behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do laws play according to the perspective on the power elite?

    <p>They reinforce the status and position of the power elite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of symbolic interactionism pertains to criminal behavior?

    <p>Criminal behavior is an observable action learned through interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of labelling theory on individuals labeled as deviant?

    <p>They may embrace the deviant label as part of their identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary issue contributing to the gender wage gap?

    <p>Gender discrimination in hiring and salary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do peer groups impact gender conformity among children?

    <p>They enforce gender conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'role of media' in gender divisions?

    <p>Typecasting women in traditional roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What scenario best exemplifies the 'Second Shift' faced by many women?

    <p>Balancing work and childcare responsibilities at home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the experience of women in predominantly male environments such as universities?

    <p>The Chilly Climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to the feminization of poverty?

    <p>More women than men living in poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the gendered restrictions in child-rearing practices?

    <p>Mothers respond more quickly to baby girls than baby boys' cries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are blue-collar jobs typically characterized in terms of gender?

    <p>Predominantly occupied by men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is a common misconception regarding boys' and girls' interactions in education?

    <p>Teachers interact more with boys than girls.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of exchange theory in understanding domestic labor distribution?

    <p>It posits that resources brought to a relationship affect chore responsibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of men in the structural functionalism perspective on gender?

    <p>To fulfill an instrumental role through paid labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'bifurcated consciousness' refer to in feminist theory?

    <p>The division between public and private spheres of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to conflict theory, how are women positioned in relation to men in capitalist societies?

    <p>As subordinates exploited for their labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theoretical perspective emphasizes the collaboration over competition in gender roles?

    <p>Matriarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant outcome observed when women earn more than their male partners?

    <p>Women increase their domestic labor by 5 to 6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do women traditionally fulfill according to structural functionalism?

    <p>Emotional support and nurturance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of gender and resource access, what does conflict theory primarily focus on?

    <p>The oppressive relationship between dominant and subordinate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept suggests that women's domestic responsibilities limit their economic independence?

    <p>Gender division of labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change in labor roles occurred during WWII with respect to women?

    <p>Women entered the workforce while managing household tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory critiques the family as a structure that promotes social inequality?

    <p>Radical Feminism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does symbolic interactionism view the development of gender roles?

    <p>Through social interactions and learned behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of men taking on home renovations and part-time work according to gender theories?

    <p>It helps assert their masculinity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Friedrich Engels viewed the relationship between men and women in a household as which of the following?

    <p>Owner-worker relationships within capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the concept of scapegoat theory?

    <p>Dominant groups directing their frustration onto subordinate groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of individual discrimination?

    <p>A restaurant refusing to serve customers based on their appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the ecological fallacy?

    <p>Assuming an individual's traits solely from their group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does culture theory explain the presence of prejudice?

    <p>Limited prejudice serves to unify and strengthen group identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept expresses the idea that access to privilege and lack of privilege are interlocked?

    <p>Intersectionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a condition that must be met for genocide to likely occur?

    <p>The minority group is economically advantageous to the dominant group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves applying observations of an individual to an entire group?

    <p>Exception fallacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the functionalist theory regarding racism?

    <p>Racism is necessary for community cohesion and cultural identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of contact theory in relation to reducing prejudice?

    <p>Contact must be regular and between individuals of equal status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do authoritarian personality traits play in prejudicial attitudes?

    <p>They may correlate with high levels of conformity to societal norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes the idea that individuals only perceive information that supports their existing beliefs?

    <p>Selective Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a society built on the colonization and displacement of Indigenous peoples?

    <p>Settler Society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is indirect institutional discrimination exemplified?

    <p>Policies that unintentionally limit opportunities for certain groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Chinese head tax introduced in Canada?

    <p>To discourage Chinese immigrants from bringing their families to Canada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of positive stereotypes?

    <p>They may hinder assistance for those who do not fit the stereotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects the concept of democratic racism?

    <p>Proclaiming that all individuals should be treated equally while minimizing minority experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'social distance' refer to in sociological contexts?

    <p>The emotional and psychological separation between different ethnic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does integration refer to in the context of societal relationships?

    <p>When distinct cultural groups come together and influence one another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary implication of an individual being a non-prejudiced discriminator?

    <p>They actively engage in discriminatory practices despite having no prejudice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Merton's typology explain regarding individuals' behaviors towards prejudice?

    <p>People can simultaneously hold prejudiced and non-prejudiced views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one result of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 for Indigenous Peoples in Canada?

    <p>Establishing reserves for Indigenous people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the policies enforced by institutions relate to direct institutional discrimination?

    <p>They may disproportionately exclude certain groups based on arbitrary criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic group experienced the '60s scoop' in Canada?

    <p>Indigenous Peoples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes segregation that occurs without laws but is a result of social factors?

    <p>De facto segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of racial categories, what is individual racism characterized by?

    <p>Prejudice and discriminatory actions by individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical element of critical race theory mentioned in the mobilization of minority groups?

    <p>Political mobilization and resistance against oppression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stereotype refers to a minority group viewed as achieving success without opposing the majority?

    <p>Model Minority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Race and Ethnicity

    • Race is a historically-defined group of people distinguished physically
    • Socially constructed concept with social consequences, affecting quality of life and lifespan
    • Mutates to reflect current societal views
    • Historical legacy of Western colonialism and ethnocentrism influences biases
    • Includes racialization, the process of marking groups unequally, frequently based on perceived physiological differences
    • Eurocentrism is the view that Europe is superior

    Internalized Racism

    • Internalization of racial categorizations into one's identity
    • Can lead to identity confusion
    • Acceptance of racial attributes as part of one's identity

    Ethnicity

    • Shared culture encompassing heritage, language, religion, etc.
    • Socially constructed
    • People of the same race can have different ethnic backgrounds, and vice-versa

    Miscegenation

    • The blending of different race-based groups

    Minority Group

    • A category of disadvantaged people based on social standing, not necessarily size
    • Stigmatized and discriminated against

    Majority Group

    • A category of socially advantaged individuals
    • Dominates social systems

    Stigma

    • An assigned negative characteristic not inherent to a person or group

    Prejudice

    • Strong negative prejudgment of a person or group, based on irrational beliefs/preconceptions, not facts, and is enduring

    Ecological Fallacy

    • Drawing conclusions about individuals from data gathered on an entire group

    Exception Fallacy

    • Using one individual's actions to determine characteristics of an entire group

    Stereotypes

    • Oversimplified generalizations about groups of people applied to all members

    Discrimination

    • Favorable or unfavorable actions toward a particular group’s members

    Scapegoat Theory

    • People displace frustration on other groups (usually those with visible, identifiable differences)

    Culture Theory

    • Some prejudice is inherent in all cultures

    Functionalist Theory

    • Racism can be functional in encouraging unity and stability within a society

    Critical Race Theory

    • Interdisciplinary approach to examining race, class, etc, to explain racism

    Intersectionality

    • Interconnected nature of power systems including race, class, gender, etc
    • Acknowledges that people experience multiple forms of oppression simultaneously

    Dual Labor Market Theory

    • Primary market: secure positions, good pay, benefits, and upward mobility
    • Secondary market: insecure, temporary jobs, low pay, few benefits, and little upward mobility.

    Marxist Exploitation Theory

    • Powerful economic elite promoting and benefiting from prejudice and discrimination

    Critical Race Theory

    • Examines legal rulings to redress social issues of the past

    Post-Colonialism

    • Colonial past affects a country's social, political and economic experiences

    Wage Gap

    • Women earn less than men, even in equal positions
    • Explanatory factors include occupational segregation, undervaluing female work, privatization, and limited access to quality childcare

    The Second Shift

    • Unpaid domestic labour performed by women, beyond paid work

    Modernization of Household

    • Not necessarily the typical structure that is often presented in media or society

    Gender roles

    • Social perceptions of how women and men should behave
    • Influence family interactions
    • Gender is determined by norms within society, not just biology.

    Sex

    • Biological and physiological differences between male, female, and other genders

    Gender

    • Social and cultural distinctions between masculinity and femininity
    • Social construct, not determined by biology

    Sexism

    • Prejudiced belief that one sex is superior to another

    Gender and Socialization

    • The process of learning behaviors, expectations, and stereotypes associated with one's gender

    Families

    • Multiple possible structures of family organization – all important
    • Lone-parent families and blended families

    Power Dynamics in Family Structures

    • Imbalance of power within family systems based on social standing and assigned roles

    Social Inequality across the lifespan

    • Inequalities persist and are reinforced through the lifespan.

    Achieved vs. Ascribed Status

    • Achieved status (earned); ascribed status (assigned at birth)

    Social Classes

    • Upper Class, Lower Class, Middle Class (various levels)

    Working Class

    • High skilled, low skilled, underemployed, unemployed, working poor

    Social Mobility

    • Upward, downward, intergenerational, and intragenerational. Social mobility is not universal.

    Social Stratification

    • Hierarchical ranking of people into social classes

    Social Norms

    • Shared standards and expectations

    Crime

    • Violation of social norms, often codified and legally recognized.

    Deviance

    • Actions or behaviors that violate social norms; not necessarily illegal

    Criminology

    • Branch of sociology that studies crime causation, prevention, and punishment

    Biological and Psychological Perspectives

    • The belief that biological factors influence criminality or deviance

    Sociological Perspectives of Crime and Deviance

    • Functionalism examines stability, tension, and balance in society
    • Conflict theory focuses on power and inequalities between social groups
    • Symbolic interactionism focuses on how the societal perception of crime and deviance shapes our interactions.

    Cultural Genocide

    • Intentional destruction of a culture.

    Intersectionality

    • Recognizes how multiple identities (race, gender, sexual orientation, class, etc.) intersect to create unique experiences of oppression and discrimination.

    Modern Social Structures

    • Social institutions and stratification systems shape societal structures and power dynamics.

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    Sociology Final Study Notes

    Description

    This quiz explores the distinctions between race and ethnicity, social treatment of different groups, and concepts like internalized racism and racialization. Test your understanding of these sociological themes and their implications in society.

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