Sociology Chapter on Race and Ethnicity

A socially constructed group based on perceived physical traits, like skin color, used to categorize people, which often has negative social consequences.

The process of labeling groups with attributes based on assumed physical traits and assigning them unequal societal treatment.

The belief that European culture is superior to others.

Members of a racial group accepting and believing negative stereotypes associated with it.

Shared cultural characteristics like language, religion, or heritage.

A group with less social power and often facing discrimination.

The group holding greater social power and advantages.

A negative attribute attributed to a person or group, often inaccurate.

The combining of different racialized groups through relationships and procreation.

A group sharing common culture, heritage, and identity.

A negative prejudgment about a person or group, not based on facts.

Drawing conclusions about individuals from data about a group.

Judging a whole group based on one individual.

Oversimplified ideas about groups of people, applied to all.

Actions that deny or grant advantages to a group.

One person treating another unfairly based on group membership.

Policies and practices of an institution that unfairly treat a group.

Policies deliberately discriminatory against a group.

Unintentional policies that treat groups unfairly.

Blaming a minority group for broader social problems.

Extreme prejudice as a personality trait, strong belief in norms.

Some prejudice is natural in all cultures, can unify.

Racism can create cohesion in a dominant group.

Level of acceptance a person feels for another group.

A small, wealthy, and influential group at the top of society who control resources and shape laws to maintain their power.

Crimes committed by ordinary individuals in public spaces, often involving violence and harsh consequences.

Crimes committed by high-status individuals, often involving financial manipulation and less severe consequences.

The theory that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, where associating with criminals increases the likelihood of committing crimes.

The theory that being labeled as a criminal can influence a person's self-identity and lead to further criminal behavior.

Ideas about appropriate behaviors, roles, and activities for boys and girls, often starting from birth with things like clothing and toys.

A term describing the subtle, often unconscious, barriers and discrimination that women face in educational settings, making them feel unwelcome or marginalized.

Jobs traditionally dominated by women, often in care-giving or service industries, like teaching, nursing, or dental assisting.

The difference in earnings between men and women for doing the same work, with women generally making less than men.

Treating people differently based on their gender, often causing inequalities in hiring, pay, and opportunities.

The additional, unpaid work that women typically do at home, such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare, on top of their paid jobs.

The trend of more women than men experiencing poverty, particularly single mothers and older women.

The idea that power in relationships is determined by the resources each person brings to the relationship - like income or skills.

The overlapping and interconnected nature of social identities, like race, gender, class, and ethnicity, affecting how people are treated.

A system where groups of people have unequal access to important resources, leading to different social positions.

Recognizing that everyone experiences discrimination and privilege differently based on various factors like race, gender, and class.

An individual's personal values and location in a social space.

A theory that examines how interactions among groups create perceptions and prejudice.

The idea that interaction between groups leads to reducing prejudice.

Seeing only information that reinforces existing beliefs.

An approach focusing on interlocking inequalities of race, class, and gender for women of color.

Racism stemming from actions of individual prejudiced people.

Racism embedded in societal structures and policies.

A system promoting equality, but preserving discrimination and inequalities.

A group's deliberate annihilation.

Forced removal of a group from an area or country.

Systematic destruction of a group's culture.

Social or physical separation of groups.

Minority group adopting traits of the dominant group.

The unequal distribution of tasks and responsibilities based on gender roles, with women typically taking on more domestic and caregiving duties while men focus on paid work.

The role primarily associated with men, focused on providing for the family through paid work and decision-making.

The role associated with women, emphasizing emotional support, nurturance, and caregiving within the family.

A sociologist known for his theory of structural functionalism, which emphasizes the complementary roles of men and women within a traditional family structure.

A perspective that views gender inequality as a result of power struggles over resources and social control, with men holding dominant positions.

A sociologist who viewed the family as a system of power in which men own property and control women's labor, furthering capitalist exploitation.

A concept highlighting how women face exploitation not only as workers in a capitalist system but also within their own homes by their husbands.

A collection of perspectives focusing on the ways gender norms limit women's opportunities and behaviors, challenging traditional gender roles and promoting equality.

A way of understanding how gender, race, class, and other social factors interact to create systems of privilege and oppression.

A feminist perspective that criticizes the family structure as inherently patriarchal, perpetuating gender inequality.

A concept describing the divide between the private, personal experiences of women and the public, institutional world dominated by men.

This theory highlights how social interactions shape our understanding of masculinity and femininity.

This approach explains how children learn gender-appropriate behaviors through rewards for certain actions.

A social system where women hold primary power and authority.

This refers to the separation of men's work in the public domain and women's tasks in the private home.