Questions and Answers
What is social deviance?
Any transgression of socially established norms.
What is informal deviance?
Informal violations of social norms.
What is formal deviance?
The violation of laws enacted by society.
What does social cohesion mean?
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What is mechanical or segmental solidarity?
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What is organic solidarity?
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What is collective conscience?
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What is a rehabilitative sanction?
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What is a restitutive sanction?
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What does social control refer to?
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What is normative compliance?
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What are formal social sanctions?
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What are informal social sanctions?
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What is social integration?
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What is social regulation?
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What is egoistic suicide?
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What is altruistic suicide?
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What is anomie?
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What is anomic suicide?
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What is fatalistic suicide?
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What is strain theory?
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What is a conformist?
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What is a ritualist?
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What is an innovator?
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What is a retreatist?
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What is a rebel?
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What is symbolic interactionism?
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What is labeling theory?
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What is primary deviance?
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What is secondary deviance?
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What is stigma?
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What is the broken window theory of deviance?
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What is street crime?
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What is differential opportunity theory?
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What is white-collar crime?
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What is corporate crime?
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What is deterrence theory?
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What is specific deterrence?
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What is general deterrence?
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What is recidivism?
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What is a total institution?
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What are disciplinary techniques?
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What is a panopticon?
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Study Notes
Concepts of Social Deviance
- Social deviance refers to actions that violate established social norms.
- Informal deviance involves minor violations of social norms without formal punishment.
- Formal deviance consists of actions that break laws, triggering legal consequences.
Social Cohesion
- Social cohesion emphasizes how well individuals relate and connect in their daily lives.
- Mechanical solidarity is rooted in the similarity and sameness among people.
- Organic solidarity emerges from the differentiation and interdependence within a society.
Collective Conscience and Social Control
- Collective conscience is the shared beliefs and values that bind a society together.
- Rehabilitative sanction aims to transform an offender into a productive societal member.
- Restitutive sanction seeks to reinstate the status quo prior to an offense.
- Social control includes mechanisms that ensure compliance with societal norms and rules.
Types of Compliance and Sanctions
- Normative compliance signifies adherence to societal norms and rules.
- Formal social sanctions involve legal actions against deviant, criminal behaviors.
- Informal social sanctions refer to unexpressed but understood rules guiding social interactions.
Integration and Regulation
- Social integration reflects an individual's connectedness to a community or social group.
- Social regulation pertains to the number of societal rules affecting individual behavior and expectations.
Suicide Types
- Egoistic suicide results from a lack of integration into social groups.
- Altruistic suicide occurs due to excessive social integration.
- Anomic suicide arises from inadequate social regulation.
- Fatalistic suicide is linked to excessive control and regulation within society.
Theories of Deviance
- Strain theory posits that deviance occurs when societal structures limit equal access to socially acceptable goals.
- Conformist individuals pursue accepted goals through socially approved means.
- Ritualists abandon broader societal goals but adhere to necessary means.
- Innovators accept societal goals while rejecting traditional means to achieve them.
- Retreatists withdraw from society altogether, rejecting both goals and means.
- Rebels aim to redefine societal goals and means often through revolutionary change.
Sociological Perspectives
- Symbolic interactionism focuses on individual actions influenced by shared meanings and social contexts.
- Labeling theory suggests that labels from society shape self-identity and impact behavior patterns.
Deviant Behaviors
- Primary deviance denotes the initial acts of rule-breaking that may lead to a deviant label.
- Secondary deviance follows primary acts and is influenced by the societal label received.
- Stigma is a negative label that alters self-perception and societal identity.
Theories of Crime and Deviance
- Broken window theory argues that visible signs of disorder influence deviant behavior.
- Street crime includes violent acts in public, often associated with gangs and poverty.
- Differential opportunity theory posits that both legitimate and illegitimate opportunities vary across social classes.
- White-collar crime involves non-violent offenses typically executed by professionals in corporate settings.
- Corporate crime is a subtype of white-collar crime perpetrated by company executives.
Prevention and Recidivism
- Deterrence theory suggests that crime is a result of a rational decision-making process weighing costs and benefits.
- Specific deterrence targets known offenders to prevent further crimes through supervision.
- General deterrence aims to dissuade the broader public from committing crimes based on observed punishments.
- Recidivism refers to the tendency of previously incarcerated individuals to re-offend.
Total Institutions and Monitoring
- Total institution defines environments that fully control daily life, integrating all activities under one authority.
- Disciplinary techniques involve various societal mechanisms for monitoring and regulating individual behavior.
- Panopticon designates a prison architecture enabling constant observation of inmates while concealing the observer, exemplifying surveillance in social control.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Sociology Chapter 6. Explore key concepts like social deviance and social cohesion, and see how they shape societal interactions. Ideal for quick review and reinforcing your understanding of sociological norms.