Sociology Chapter 4 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What does macrosociology focus on?

  • Broad features of society (correct)
  • Individual behaviors
  • Social interaction
  • Small groups

    • What does microsociology focus on?

  • Broad features of society
  • Social interaction (correct)
  • Global institutions
  • Social structures

    • What is social structure?

    Refers to the typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers.

    What is social class based on?

    <p>Income, education, and occupational prestige.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does status refer to in sociology?

    <p>The position that someone occupies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a status set?

    <p>All the statuses or positions that you occupy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ascribed status?

    <p>Involuntary status, such as race, ethnicity, sex, and parents' social class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are achieved statuses?

    <p>Voluntary statuses that individuals accomplish, such as becoming a student, friend, or spouse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are status symbols?

    <p>Signs that identify a status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a master status?

    <p>A status that cuts across other statuses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is status inconsistency?

    <p>A contradiction or mismatch between a person's statuses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are roles?

    <p>Behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a group in sociology?

    <p>People who interact with one another and share common values and norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are social institutions?

    <p>The standard ways society meets its basic needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of social institution in industrial societies.

    <p>Family, Religion, Education, Economy, Medicine, Politics, Law, Science, Military, or Mass Media.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is society?

    <p>A group of people who share a culture and a territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hunting and gathering societies?

    <p>Few social divisions and little inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a shaman?

    <p>An individual believed to influence spiritual forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines pastoral societies?

    <p>Based on pasturing animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes horticultural societies?

    <p>Cultivation of plants using hand tools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the domestication revolution?

    <p>The domestication of animals and plants and the division of labor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines agricultural society?

    <p>Development of cities and culture, including philosophy, art, and literature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Industrial Revolution begin?

    <p>In Great Britain in 1765.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an industrial society?

    <p>A society where there is significant surplus and social inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a postindustrial society?

    <p>Primary source of change is technology centering on the microchip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of a biotech society?

    <p>Applying and altering genetic structures for food, medicine, and materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sociological significance of societal changes?

    <p>As society transforms, it alters individual perspectives on self and life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is social integration according to Durkheim?

    <p>Members are united by shared values and social bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mechanical solidarity?

    <p>People performing similar tasks develop a shared consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is organic solidarity?

    <p>Based on interdependence, for example, between teacher and student.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Gemeinschaft mean?

    <p>&quot;Intimate community&quot; to describe village life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Macrosociology and Microsociology

    • Macrosociology examines broad societal features, emphasizing large-scale social processes and structures.
    • Microsociology focuses on individual social interactions and small group dynamics.

    Social Structure

    • Represents typical group patterns and relationships, influencing behavior through established norms.
    • Examples include gender roles and teacher-student dynamics.

    Social Class

    • Determined by factors like income, education level, and occupational prestige.

    Status and Roles

    • Status indicates a person's position in society, dictating expected behaviors and perceptions.
    • The status set encompasses all positions occupied by an individual.
    • Ascribed status is involuntary, based on inherent traits like race and gender.
    • Achieved status is voluntary, based on accomplishments such as career choices and personal relationships.
    • Status symbols are objects or signs that signify one's social status.
    • Master status dominates other statuses, influencing most interactions and perceptions.
    • Status inconsistency arises from mismatched social positions, creating contradictions in societal expectations.
    • Roles include the obligations and privileges associated with a status, outlining societal expectations.

    Groups and Social Institutions

    • Groups consist of individuals who interact and share common values, interests, and norms.
    • Social institutions are standard methods through which society meets its fundamental needs, such as family and education.
    • Key social institutions in industrial societies include family, religion, education, economy, and politics.

    Societal Types and Evolution

    • Society is defined by a shared culture and territory.
    • Hunting and gathering societies exhibit minimal social divisions and inequality.
    • Pastoral societies center on animal herding, while horticultural societies arise from plant cultivation.
    • The Domestication Revolution brought about organized work and specialization.
    • Agricultural societies led to urban development and cultural advancements.
    • The Industrial Revolution, starting in Great Britain in 1765, marked a significant change in production methods.
    • Industrial societies witnessed unprecedented surpluses and growing social inequalities.
    • Postindustrial societies are driven by microchip technology, fundamentally transforming life and work.
    • Biotech societies will focus on genetic engineering for food and material production.

    Social Changes and Integration

    • Societal transformations profoundly affect individual perceptions of self and community.
    • Social integration, as described by Durkheim, involves unifying members through shared values and social bonds.
    • Mechanical solidarity arises from similar tasks and shared consciousness within communities.
    • Organic solidarity reflects interdependence between individuals, such as in teacher-student relationships.

    Gemeinschaft

    • Describes an "intimate community," often associated with closely knit village life and traditional societal frameworks.

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    Description

    Explore key concepts from Sociology Chapter 4, focusing on social structure and interaction. These flashcards cover important terms such as macrosociology, microsociology, and social structure. Test your understanding and enhance your knowledge of sociological frameworks.

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