Sociology Chapter 12: Health Disparities

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the structural functional perspective in understanding social problems?

Exploring individual behavior and interaction

Analyzing the socioeconomic status of citizens

Examining institutions, processes, and policies (correct)

Investigating the historical context of societal changes

Which theorist is associated with the concept of collective consciousness within the structural functional framework?

Durkheim (correct)

Gans

Marx

Spencer

In the context of conflict theory, what is often highlighted as a reason for societal change?

Contradictory interests and inequalities (correct)

The stability of social institutions

The pursuit of collective goals

The consensus among social groups

What does Merton's theory of differential access address regarding social goals?

Blocked opportunities to achieve societal goals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following researchers focused on the social determinants of health and cumulative disadvantage?

Hayward Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the latent consequences of incarceration according to the Structural Functionalist perspective?

Political disenfranchisement Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the role of media in shaping legal changes, such as those following the Polly Klass case?

Social constructionist perspective Signup and view all the answers

The Gini Coefficient is a measure used to assess which of the following?

Income distribution equality Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health disparities, which determinant is NOT typically included in the social determinants of health?

Genetic predisposition Signup and view all the answers

How might the concepts of labeling theory manifest in the context of criminal records?

Perpetuating a negative identity Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with the concept of 'Code of the Street' in relation to criminal behavior?

Elijah Anderson Signup and view all the answers

According to the Conflict perspective, what is a significant consequence of monetary sanctions in the legal system?

Reinforcement of economic inequality Signup and view all the answers

How do structural factors like air pollution contribute to health disparities?

They often vary based on geographical location Signup and view all the answers

What does AIDS stand for?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known way HIV can be transmitted?

Touching skin of an infected person Signup and view all the answers

What is the best method to decrease the likelihood of contracting HIV?

Abstinence and safer sex practices Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about the history of HIV is true?

The first case in the US was recorded in 1981. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage risk of HIV transmission exists if a mother breastfeeds an infant?

30-45% Signup and view all the answers

Which population was initially most affected by HIV/AIDS?

Men who have sex with men (MSM) Signup and view all the answers

How many new HIV infections are estimated to occur each year in recent years?

Approximately 50,000 Signup and view all the answers

What method can be used to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV?

Non-breastfeeding practices Signup and view all the answers

What was the estimated number of people diagnosed with HIV in the United States in 2013?

47,352 Signup and view all the answers

How many estimated deaths occurred among individuals with an AIDS diagnosis in 2012?

13,712 Signup and view all the answers

Which group had the highest median HIV prevalence rate among the adult population globally?

Transgender people Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the median HIV prevalence among adults ages 15-49 was noted globally?

0.8% Signup and view all the answers

What was the global statistic for people living with HIV?

39.9 million Signup and view all the answers

In 1993, what change was made to the definition of AIDS?

Expansion to include severe immunosuppression Signup and view all the answers

Which group represents the lowest median HIV prevalence rate globally among those mentioned?

People in prisons Signup and view all the answers

How many people in the United States are currently estimated to be living with HIV?

1.1 million Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications for people living in neighborhoods lacking affordable healthy foods?

They are at increased risk for obesity. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as a reason why some individuals aren’t on the registry?

Fear of public speaking. Signup and view all the answers

How is HIV often linked to the stigma surrounding it?

By originally being associated with marginalized populations. Signup and view all the answers

What does the social construction perspective focus on?

How societies frame and understand social issues. Signup and view all the answers

What research method does Bearman and Stovel’s analysis focus on?

Spanning tree network analysis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant concern related to the transmission of HIV?

It is mostly linked to societal views on promiscuity. Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective might offer insight into why some claim makers have more authority in society?

The conflict perspective. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect is NOT typically considered when examining the social impact on countries in relation to disease?

Personal wealth of individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition indicates a CD4 cell count below 200 cells per cubic millimeter?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental social cause of disease according to the socioeconomic perspective?

Stress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of cumulative disadvantage over the life course?

Chronic stress from environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Which health-related issue is specifically examined in studies of discrimination?

Suicide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illnesses is considered an AIDS-defining illness?

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of health perspective does the framework developed by David Williams focus on?

Social determinants of health Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT identified as a social determinant of health?

Physical fitness Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is persistent in nature and could last longer than one month, impacting a different area than skin?

Herpes simplex Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mass Conviction and Incarceration

500% increase since 1974
Racial disproportionality is exceptionally high, comparatively.

Policy and legal changes expand mass media events.

Structural Functionalist

Manifest function - public safety
Latent function - political disenfranchisement, collateral legal and societal consequences.

Conflict

Monetary sanctions, intended consequences, Critical Race Theory (CRT)
Misdemeanor justice, social control through lower courts
Minority threat through juvenile justice

Symbolic Interaction

Devah Pager - The Mark of a Criminal Record
Elijah Anderson - Code of the Street
Howie Becker - Labeling Theory

Lecture 12: Health Disparities

Health as a biological AND sociological problem.
Social determinants of health: access to healthcare, education, economic stability, and community contexts.

Health Disparities

Community context, neighborhoods, and the built environment impact disease contraction, poor health, and access to medical treatment.
Interconnection of poverty, inequality, criminal justice system, and health.

U.S Health Disparities

Class disparities
Lower-income residents experience fewer healthy days.
Air pollution and geographical location are linked to health inequalities.
Gini Coefficient

Introduction to HIV/AIDS

AIDS as a social problem, Explore perspectives and morality related to the disease.
Images, attitudes, Investigate stigmas, study related social issues (poverty, racial/ethnic inequality, drug usage, marginalized groups).

What is AIDS and HIV?

Transmission methods (sex, blood transfusion, needle sharing, mother-to-infant)

Transmission of AIDS

Penetrative sex
Blood transfusion
Sharing of contaminated needles
Mother-to-infant transmission.

Mother-to-Child Transmission

In the womb, during childbirth, or postnatally through breastfeeding.
Risk: 15-30% if not breastfeeding, 30-45% if breastfeeding
Abstinence decreases the likelihood of contraction.

History of AIDS

First case in the U.S. in 1981
Descendant of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) from primates, likely transmitted to humans through primate eating.
Early instances of HIV, found from plasma samples and tissue: 1959 in Congo, 1969 in St. Louis, and 1976 from a Norwegian sailor.

HIV Incidence and Diagnoses

Stable incidence of ~50,000 new infections annually.
2013: ~47,352 new HIV diagnoses, 26,688 new AIDS diagnoses in the U.S.
39.9M individuals globally infected
Estimated AIDS deaths (2012): ~13,712.

People Infected with HIV

Median HIV prevalence: 0.8% globally.
Higher prevalence in marginalized social groups (young women, gay men, sex workers, people who inject drugs, transgender people, and prisoners).

1993 Definition Change

Expanded definition of AIDS to encompass those with severe immune deficiency.

Diagnosing AIDS

CD4 cell count below 200 cells per cubic millimeter.

Cancer Treatment

Higher death rates from cancer among Black individuals compared to other racial/ethnic groups (many but not all types of cancer).
Higher rates of colorectal, lung, and cervical cancers in rural communities.
Access to healthcare, SES, and lifestyle choices impact health. Risk factors: poverty, lack of access to health resources, environmental exposure to factors.

Deaths by Suicide

Age-adjusted suicide rate of 13.48 per 100,000 individuals (2020).
White males higher than women in every age group, with firearms most common method.

Structural Perspective on COVID

Institutions and individuals and institutions influence COVID infections, but also COVID impacted access to and ability to function in the aforementioned institutions.

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Description

Explore the intricate relationship between sociology and health disparities in this quiz. Understand how social determinants, such as access to healthcare and economic stability, play a crucial role in shaping health outcomes. Delve into various sociological theories that explain mass incarceration and its impact on communities.