Sociology Chapter 1 and 2 Review
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Questions and Answers

What do Anti-malthusians argue regarding resource availability?

  • Population growth leads to resource scarcity.
  • Environmental limitations restrict resource development.
  • Resource management should be entirely government-controlled.
  • Innovations can create new resources or ways to access resources affordably. (correct)

What characterizes the political and economic system of oligarchy?

  • It is ruled by elected officials from diverse backgrounds.
  • A small group of influential individuals hold the power. (correct)
  • It involves a large population with equal voting rights.
  • It is based on democratic principles with citizen participation.

In the context of socialism, how are resources managed?

  • Resources are collectively owned and managed by society. (correct)
  • Resources are traded freely without government intervention.
  • Resources are controlled by a single authoritarian regime.
  • Resources are owned by private corporations seeking profit.

What is a primary focus of conflict theorists regarding social arrangements?

<p>They emphasize struggles for scarce resources among social groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do functionalists perceive societal institutions?

<p>Institutions serve specific functions that contribute to social stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of small group discrimination?

<p>It includes harmful actions taken intentionally by a limited number of dominant group members. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT part of the Contact Hypothesis for fostering favorable intergroup attitudes?

<p>Members share similar backgrounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed in the cohabitation rates in the U.S.?

<p>Cohabitation rates have increased by 59%. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which religion is the concept of the '5 pillars' particularly significant?

<p>Islam (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about remarriage trends is accurate?

<p>Approximately 75% of divorced men remarry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deity is NOT associated with Hinduism?

<p>Jesus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Malthus's critical argument regarding population growth?

<p>Population growth surpasses the available food supply. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of social change according to Karl Marx?

<p>Constant conflict between classes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a form of indirect institutionalized discrimination?

<p>Rules set without consideration of their effect on a group. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is identified as the ownership class in Marxist theory?

<p>Bourgeoisie (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anomie' refer to?

<p>The breakdown of social control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Emile Durkheim, what was the primary basis of social bonds before the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Shared traditions and beliefs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of experimental research, what is the independent variable?

<p>The variable that is manipulated to influence another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a 'folkway' in sociology?

<p>Casual norms with minor consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the experimental group in a study contain?

<p>Subjects who are exposed to the independent variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is best defined as 'mores' within a culture?

<p>Moral and ethical norms with serious consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates countercultures from subcultures?

<p>Countercultures actively oppose the larger culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of Kohlberg's moral development do individuals primarily base their decisions on punishment and obedience?

<p>Preconventional level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Cooley's looking glass self concept emphasize?

<p>The impact of others' views on personal identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of innovation in Merton's strain theory?

<p>Using dishonest methods to achieve societal goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives participants to conform to a group's incorrect answer during the line matching task?

<p>Fear of being judged by the group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of confirmation bias primarily concerned with?

<p>Interpreting new evidence as affirming existing beliefs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Asch Conformity Study, what was the primary focus of the experiment?

<p>How group opinions influence individual judgment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant insight does the Milgram obedience study provide about human behavior?

<p>Obedience to authority can lead to harmful actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation describes individuals who abandon culturally approved goals but continue to follow means?

<p>Ritualism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of crime has seen an increase according to recent crime trend reports?

<p>Identity theft and bank fraud (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development do individuals consider individual rights as paramount?

<p>Postconventional level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is ascribed status defined within a social context?

<p>A position assigned by societal norms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption of the Davis-Moore thesis regarding societal roles?

<p>Merit and credentials determine the hierarchy of positions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the frustration-aggression theory, what typically triggers individuals to express prejudice?

<p>Feeling hindered in achieving important goals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes isolate discrimination in Feagin's framework?

<p>Deliberate harm from a dominant group member (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between achieved status and individual effort?

<p>Achieved status results from an individual's efforts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Proletariat

The individuals who must sell their own labor, the working class.

Bourgeoisie

The individuals who own the means of production, the ownership class.

Anomie

A condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.

Norms

Established standards of behavior maintained by a society.

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Folkway

Norms governing everyday behavior that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.

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More

Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.

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Independent Variable

The variable hypothesized to cause or influence another variable.

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Dependent Variable

The variable whose action DEPENDS on the influence of the independent variable.

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Counterculture

A group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles.

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Asch Conformity Study

A psychological experiment designed to see how people are influenced by group opinions, even when those opinions are obviously wrong.

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Confirmation Bias

The tendency to interpret new evidence as confirming one's existing beliefs.

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Cooley's Looking Glass Self

Cooley's term for the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

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Merton Strain Theory

People feel strained when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development identified 3 levels of moral reasoning: Preconventional (7-10 years old) - based on punishment and obedience, Conventional (10-adult) - concerned with how others perceive them, Postconventional (a few adults) - morality based on individual rights and principles.

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Conformity

People accept culturally approved goals and means to achieve the goal.

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Innovation

People accept society's goals, but use unapproved ways to achieve the goal.

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Asch Conformity Experiment

A study where participants were asked to identify the length of a line, knowing the group they were with was deliberately giving the wrong answer. Many participants conformed to the group's wrong answer despite knowing it was incorrect, highlighting the influence of group pressure.

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Milgram Obedience Study

A psychological experiment exploring the extent to which individuals obey authority, even when it conflicts with their morals. Participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to a 'learner' who was actually an actor, demonstrating high levels of obedience even in the face of the learner's pain.

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Ascribed Status

A social position assigned to a person by society based on factors like their family, age, or gender that they have no control over.

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Achieved Status

A social position that a person achieves through their own efforts, skills, and choices.

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Frustration-Aggression Theory of Prejudice

A theory suggesting that frustration, stemming from blocked goals, can lead to aggression towards others. In the context of prejudice, it suggests frustration may lead to aggression towards a weaker group.

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Davis-Moore Thesis

The thesis argues that social stratification is functional for society, ensuring the most important positions are filled by the most qualified individuals. However, critics point towards the inherent inequalities that can exist due to inherited wealth and family status.

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Isolate Discrimination

This type of discrimination involves a single individual from a dominant group acting in a harmful way towards a member of a subordinate group.

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Ascribed Status

A social position or status that is given to a person that is not based on their own achievements or contributions.

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Oligarchy

A social system where a small group of people, often from wealthy or powerful families, military leaders, or influential groups, hold most of the power and make decisions for society.

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Capitalism

An economic system focused on individual ownership of resources and businesses, with the main goal of making profits.

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Socialism

An economic system where the government or the people collectively own and control the means of production and distribution.

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Functionalist Perspective

A belief that society functions best when its parts (like institutions and individuals) work together to maintain stability.

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Conflict Theory

A viewpoint that sees society as constantly in conflict, highlighting power struggles and inequalities between groups.

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Small Group Discrimination

Harmful action taken intentionally by a SMALL number of dominant group members against members of subordinate groups.

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Indirect Institutionalized Discrimination

Practices established by organizations or communities with unintended HARMFUL consequences for subordinate groups, even if the initial goal wasn't to harm.

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Contact Hypothesis

Contact between different groups can lead to more favorable attitudes if four conditions are met: equal status, shared goals, cooperation, and positive feedback.

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Hinduism

The oldest of the world's major religions, originating along the Indus River in Pakistan, with beliefs and practices expressed in the Vedas. Key deities are Brahma (creator), Vishnu (preserver), and Shiva (destroyer).

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Islam

A religion based on the Quran, with five pillars of faith: belief in Allah, daily prayer, paying alms, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.

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Christianity

A religion based on the Bible, with both Old and New Testaments. Believers are saved through the sacrifice of Jesus, the son of God.

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Malthusian Theory

The theory developed by Thomas Malthus argues that population growth outpaces food production, leading to resource scarcity and poverty.

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Anti-Malthusian Theory

The theory that challenges Malthusian ideas, suggesting that population growth can be managed through technological advances and social progress, leading to improved living standards and resource availability.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1

  • Karl Marx believed constant conflict is necessary for societal change.
  • Karl Marx's theory of social change involves the bourgeoisie (ownership class) exploiting the proletariat (working class), leading to alienation and conflict.
  • Bourgeoisie: individuals who own the means of production.
  • Proletariat: individuals who sell their labor.
  • Anomie: a state of normlessness resulting from rapid social change and loss of shared values. Rapid social change leads to a loss of effective social control and sense of purpose.
  • Emile Durkheim's theory suggests that societies are structured by "Social Facts" – patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling. These are external to individuals and exert social control.
  • Industrial Revolution led to specialization in economic activity, creating interdependence for commerce. This was a shift from shared traditions and beliefs to specialized economic activity as the basis of social bonds.

Chapter 2

  • Independent Variable: the variable hypothesized to cause change in another variable.
  • Dependent Variable: the variable whose action depends on the independent variable.
  • Control group: the group not exposed to the variable being studied.
  • Experimental group: the group exposed to the variable being studied.

Chapter 3

  • Mores: strongly-held norms with moral and ethical implications. They cannot be violated without significant consequences.
  • Norms: established social standards of behavior.
  • Folkways: norms governing everyday behavior. Violations have minor consequences.
  • Subculture: groups sharing unique traits, values, and beliefs set apart from the dominant culture.
  • Counterculture: groups that reject dominant societal norms and values. They often actively oppose the dominant culture.

Chapter 4

  • Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: proposes three levels of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).
  • Cooley's Looking Glass Self: describes how our sense of self develops from our perceptions of how others see us.

Chapter 6

  • Confirmation Bias: the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirming existing beliefs.

Chapter 7

  • Merton Strain Theory: explains strain arising when people are exposed to cultural goals but lack access to culturally-approved means for achieving them. This leads to 5 types of adaptive behavior: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
  • Asch Conformity Study: Demonstrates how individuals are influenced by group opinion, even when incorrect.
  • Milgram Obedience Study: Examines the levels to which individuals will obey authority figures, even when harming others.

Chapter 8

  • Ascribed Status: a social position assigned at birth or by social circumstances.
  • Achieved Status: a social position a person attains through efforts and accomplishments.
  • Davis-Moore Thesis: proposes that in a functional society, higher statuses have greater rewards.
  • Frustration-Aggression Theory of Prejudice: explains that people frustrated in their efforts to achieve goals may act aggressively towards others.

Chapter 10

  • (Content missing from original file)

Chapter 12

  • Trends in birth rates in the U.S. have declined over recent decades.
  • Remarriage rates differ between men and women, with men more prone to remarriage.
  • Trends in cohabitation have increased significantly.

Chapter 13

  • Holy books of Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity discuss historical beliefs and practices within these religions.

Chapter 14

  • Distinction between Socialism and Capitalism, referencing their economic systems.
  • Definition of Oligarchy.
  • Functionalist vs. conflict theorists viewpoints on the function of society and potential sources of tension.

Chapter 15

  • Review of Malthusian vs. Anti-Malthusian views on population growth relative to resources.
  • Analysis of domestic migration trends in the U.S.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of sociology in Chapter 1 and 2, including Marx's conflict theory, Durkheim's social facts, and the impact of the Industrial Revolution on social structures. This quiz will help you understand key terms like bourgeoisie, proletariat, and anomie, crucial for grasping the dynamics of societal change.

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