Sociology Chapter 1 and 2 Review

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Questions and Answers

What do Anti-malthusians argue regarding resource availability?

Population growth leads to resource scarcity.

Environmental limitations restrict resource development.

Resource management should be entirely government-controlled.

Innovations can create new resources or ways to access resources affordably. (correct)

What characterizes the political and economic system of oligarchy?

It is ruled by elected officials from diverse backgrounds.

A small group of influential individuals hold the power. (correct)

It involves a large population with equal voting rights.

It is based on democratic principles with citizen participation.

In the context of socialism, how are resources managed?

Resources are collectively owned and managed by society. (correct)

Resources are traded freely without government intervention.

Resources are controlled by a single authoritarian regime.

Resources are owned by private corporations seeking profit.

What is a primary focus of conflict theorists regarding social arrangements?

They emphasize struggles for scarce resources among social groups. Signup and view all the answers

How do functionalists perceive societal institutions?

Institutions serve specific functions that contribute to social stability. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of small group discrimination?

It includes harmful actions taken intentionally by a limited number of dominant group members. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT part of the Contact Hypothesis for fostering favorable intergroup attitudes?

Members share similar backgrounds. Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed in the cohabitation rates in the U.S.?

Cohabitation rates have increased by 59%. Signup and view all the answers

In which religion is the concept of the '5 pillars' particularly significant?

Islam Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about remarriage trends is accurate?

Approximately 75% of divorced men remarry. Signup and view all the answers

Which deity is NOT associated with Hinduism?

Jesus Signup and view all the answers

What was Malthus's critical argument regarding population growth?

Population growth surpasses the available food supply. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of social change according to Karl Marx?

Constant conflict between classes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a form of indirect institutionalized discrimination?

Rules set without consideration of their effect on a group. Signup and view all the answers

Which group is identified as the ownership class in Marxist theory?

Bourgeoisie Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anomie' refer to?

The breakdown of social control Signup and view all the answers

According to Emile Durkheim, what was the primary basis of social bonds before the Industrial Revolution?

Shared traditions and beliefs Signup and view all the answers

In the context of experimental research, what is the independent variable?

The variable that is manipulated to influence another Signup and view all the answers

What defines a 'folkway' in sociology?

Casual norms with minor consequences Signup and view all the answers

What does the experimental group in a study contain?

Subjects who are exposed to the independent variable Signup and view all the answers

What is best defined as 'mores' within a culture?

Moral and ethical norms with serious consequences Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates countercultures from subcultures?

Countercultures actively oppose the larger culture. Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of Kohlberg's moral development do individuals primarily base their decisions on punishment and obedience?

Preconventional level Signup and view all the answers

What does Cooley's looking glass self concept emphasize?

The impact of others' views on personal identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of innovation in Merton's strain theory?

Using dishonest methods to achieve societal goals. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily drives participants to conform to a group's incorrect answer during the line matching task?

Fear of being judged by the group Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of confirmation bias primarily concerned with?

Interpreting new evidence as affirming existing beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

In the Asch Conformity Study, what was the primary focus of the experiment?

How group opinions influence individual judgment. Signup and view all the answers

What significant insight does the Milgram obedience study provide about human behavior?

Obedience to authority can lead to harmful actions Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation describes individuals who abandon culturally approved goals but continue to follow means?

Ritualism Signup and view all the answers

Which category of crime has seen an increase according to recent crime trend reports?

Identity theft and bank fraud Signup and view all the answers

At which level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development do individuals consider individual rights as paramount?

Postconventional level Signup and view all the answers

How is ascribed status defined within a social context?

A position assigned by societal norms Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption of the Davis-Moore thesis regarding societal roles?

Merit and credentials determine the hierarchy of positions Signup and view all the answers

According to the frustration-aggression theory, what typically triggers individuals to express prejudice?

Feeling hindered in achieving important goals Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes isolate discrimination in Feagin's framework?

Deliberate harm from a dominant group member Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between achieved status and individual effort?

Achieved status results from an individual's efforts Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1

Karl Marx believed constant conflict is necessary for societal change.
Karl Marx's theory of social change involves the bourgeoisie (ownership class) exploiting the proletariat (working class), leading to alienation and conflict.
Bourgeoisie: individuals who own the means of production.
Proletariat: individuals who sell their labor.
Anomie: a state of normlessness resulting from rapid social change and loss of shared values. Rapid social change leads to a loss of effective social control and sense of purpose.
Emile Durkheim's theory suggests that societies are structured by "Social Facts" – patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling. These are external to individuals and exert social control.
Industrial Revolution led to specialization in economic activity, creating interdependence for commerce. This was a shift from shared traditions and beliefs to specialized economic activity as the basis of social bonds.

Chapter 2

Independent Variable: the variable hypothesized to cause change in another variable.
Dependent Variable: the variable whose action depends on the independent variable.
Control group: the group not exposed to the variable being studied.
Experimental group: the group exposed to the variable being studied.

Chapter 3

Mores: strongly-held norms with moral and ethical implications. They cannot be violated without significant consequences.
Norms: established social standards of behavior.
Folkways: norms governing everyday behavior. Violations have minor consequences.
Subculture: groups sharing unique traits, values, and beliefs set apart from the dominant culture.
Counterculture: groups that reject dominant societal norms and values. They often actively oppose the dominant culture.

Chapter 4

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: proposes three levels of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).
Cooley's Looking Glass Self: describes how our sense of self develops from our perceptions of how others see us.

Chapter 6

Confirmation Bias: the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirming existing beliefs.

Chapter 7

Merton Strain Theory: explains strain arising when people are exposed to cultural goals but lack access to culturally-approved means for achieving them. This leads to 5 types of adaptive behavior: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.
Asch Conformity Study: Demonstrates how individuals are influenced by group opinion, even when incorrect.
Milgram Obedience Study: Examines the levels to which individuals will obey authority figures, even when harming others.

Chapter 8

Ascribed Status: a social position assigned at birth or by social circumstances.
Achieved Status: a social position a person attains through efforts and accomplishments.
Davis-Moore Thesis: proposes that in a functional society, higher statuses have greater rewards.
Frustration-Aggression Theory of Prejudice: explains that people frustrated in their efforts to achieve goals may act aggressively towards others.

Chapter 10

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Chapter 12

Trends in birth rates in the U.S. have declined over recent decades.
Remarriage rates differ between men and women, with men more prone to remarriage.
Trends in cohabitation have increased significantly.

Chapter 13

Holy books of Islam, Hinduism, and Christianity discuss historical beliefs and practices within these religions.

Chapter 14

Distinction between Socialism and Capitalism, referencing their economic systems.
Definition of Oligarchy.
Functionalist vs. conflict theorists viewpoints on the function of society and potential sources of tension.

Chapter 15

Review of Malthusian vs. Anti-Malthusian views on population growth relative to resources.
Analysis of domestic migration trends in the U.S.

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of sociology in Chapter 1 and 2, including Marx's conflict theory, Durkheim's social facts, and the impact of the Industrial Revolution on social structures. This quiz will help you understand key terms like bourgeoisie, proletariat, and anomie, crucial for grasping the dynamics of societal change.