Sociology Chapter 1

Chapter 1

• People marry due to love while taking into account many factors like financial background, race, and culture.
• Sociology is the systematic study of human society.
• Sociological perspective sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people.
• People in similar financial backgrounds often marry each other, as do people of the same race.
• Many life choices are influenced by sociological perspective.
• Most university students are aged 18-30, society's ideal timeframe for higher education.
• People belonging to minorities are aware of social patterns others rarely consider, which can shape their lives.
• Global perspective is the study of the larger world and our society's place in it.
• High-income countries have higher standards of living that affects life, and people seem better off due to luck, not just smarts or hard work.
• Middle-income countries have social inequality.
• Where someone lives shapes the way they live.
• Societies worldwide are increasingly interconnected.
• Events globally affect other countries.
• Many social problems are more serious elsewhere.
• Thinking globally helps people know more about themselves.
• Sociologists can shape public policy, such as research on women's income decline after divorce leading to laws supporting women financially.
• Sociology critically examines "common sense."
• Sociology helps people live in a diverse world.

The Origins of Sociology

• Sociology emerged from a new industrial economy, urban growth, political change, and a new societal awareness.
• Early thinkers like Comte imagined the ideal society.
• Themes of god and religion were used in studying society.

Sociological Theory

• The basic function explains social behavior.
• A theory statement explains how and why specific facts are related.
• Theoretical approach is a basic image of society guiding thinking and research.
• Structural approach theory views society as a complex system working together to promote solidarity and stability, helping points to social structure.
• Social functions point to social structure, a stable pattern of social behaviour.
• Helps point to consequence of any social pattern towards operations.
• This approach keeps the society unified and stable.

MANIFEST FUNCTIONS

– The recognised and intended consequences of any social pattern.

LATENT FUNCTIONS

– The unrecognised and unintended consequences of any social pattern.

• Social disfunction disrupts the society.
• The structural approach aims to keep society stable and orderly, but is now unpopular for disregarding race inequalities.
• Social Conflict approach sees society as an arena of inequality generating conflict and change, also highlights inequalities, sociologists investigate how race.
• Feminism and Gender conflict theory helps us understand society that focuses on inequality between men and women.
• Race conflict theory helps us understand how Caucasian people had societal advantages compared to other races.
• Symbolic-interaction approach focuses closely on social interaction in specific institutions.
• Symbolic-interaction approach has a micro-level orientation; the prior two have a macro level orientation.
• The theoretical framework sees society as the product of everyday individual interaction; humans create reality and decide what they think of others.
• Sociologists can apply approaches to the sociology of sports.
• The functional approach directs attention to how sports benefit society, as sports is a recreational activity allowing physical fitness and emotional release.
• Universities sometimes recruit students for sports abilities, lowering education quality.
• Social standing affects sports participation, with certain sports being more accessible to the well-off and men dominating sports, along with racial discrimination existing.
• A sporting event is a complex, unpredictable interaction, allowing sport to be an ongoing process.

Chapter 2: Sociological Investigation

• Basic social investigation applies the sociological perspective and asks questions.
• A complex world has many different truths, including traditions, factual evidence, and simple agreements between people.
• Critical thinking with information can help in identifying what are plane stereotyping.
• Positivist Sociology studies society using systematic observation of social behaviour.
• A concept is a mental construct simplifying a aspect of social life, such as "the family" and "the economy".
• Variables are dependent and independent.
• Measurement is determining variable value in a specific case; measuring social class using clothing and activities.
• Sociologists struggle with identifying measurable factors and use averages to solve the problem.
• Sociologists must operationalize variables by specifying what to measure before assigning value.
• For a measurement to be useful, it must be reliable (consistent) and valid (exactly measured).
• Difficult it is to measure religion by asking school children, however is there measure really spiritual.
• Cause and effect identifies variable; the independent variable causes change, while the dependent variable changes.
• Correlation shows relationships between variables; spurious correlation shows false relationships caused by another variable.
• Control is important to show clear effect of variable.
• Objectivity (personal neutrality) is vital to studies for personal neutrality.
• Researches may disclose personal leanings, and readers should acknowledge this.
• It is important to study the world "as it is" more than on making assumptions on how it "should be".
• Scientific sociology has negatives: Human behaviour is too complex to predict individual actions, the presence of a researcher can affect behaviour, and sociologists can never be fully value-free.

Interpretive Sociology

• Focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world.
• They don't completely ignore science, but changes the form of researching:
  • Positivist sociologists focus on action; interpretive sociologists focuses on the understanding of actions. claims objectivity.
• Out in the world claims that "reality is the subjective, constructed by people in their course of everyday lives".
• Quantitative data favours positivist sociologists where qualitative data favours interpretive researchers.
• Interaction with people is best done interpretive sociologist on understanding why people do things.

Critical Sociology

• Focuses on the need for change.
• Sociology should strive for change and question societal problems.
• Sociologists must be political and choose sides.
• Studies are affected by gender, androcentricity, leads to approaching issues from a males perspective.
• Research must be fair, disclose findings, protect subjects, and avoid conflicts of interest.
• Research follows a systematic plan, testing which variable is dependent and which is independent.
• In order to test variable an experiment experiments in order to test it.

Chapter 3

• Culture is the ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects forming a people's way of life linked to the past and future.
• Nonmaterial culture is ideas (art and den), and material culture is physical things (armchairs to zippers).
• Unfamiliarity with cultures causes culture shock, and globalization has led to language depletion.
• A symbol is anything carrying meaning to those who share a culture.
• Culture shock is experienced when different ways of life are encountered.
• Culture means language a system of symbols for communication and transmission.
• Language shapes how people see the world.
• Values are culturally defined standards, as beliefs are specific thoughts.
• Global perspective reveals vulnerable cultures in lower-income nations valuing survival, while higher-income countries value individualism.
• Norms are rules guiding behaviour.

Material cultures

• Focus on human creations artifacts (chopsticks fo the chinese).
• Technology is the knowledge to make a way of life in surrounding.
• Technology must not make you judge, Technology must not come in the way of a population.
• Industrial economy use the advanced tech, the use of computer is needed from all people in all aspects.
• Workers are in need of designs, writing, speech, design and create images.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

• High culture caters to elites and popular culture is widespread.
• Country" diversity are made of life patterns.
• Subculture sets apart segments of a society, but differences can be blatant.
• Multiculturalism recognizes cultural differences equally, but faces criticisms.
• Counterculture strongly opposes widely accepted norms whereas Eurocentrism uses European cultural patterns and Africentrism does same for the African.
• Eurocentrism can led to misunderstanding and conflicts, eurocentrism is for cultures with their own standards , openness to unfamiliar values are made standard.
• Globalisation has lead to a global culture through the flow of goods, communication, information, and people.

THEORIES OF CULTURE

Structural functional theory sees culture as a complex strategy for meeting human needs.

• Structural functional theory directs cultural values for our lives, the culture helps us with our meanings.
• Cultural universals are traits in every known culture.
• Social conflict theory sees some members benefit at the expense of others. (Capitalisms benefits nations wealthy elite's).
• Gendered can be seen where the meaning of life reflect society, cultures is more valuable than the female.
• Evolutions affect the way people create new life patterns, darwin's theory means all living things evolve.

CULTURE AND HUMAN FREEDOM

• Humans require culture, but it also causes alienation.
• Culture prompts choices, as we shape our world.

Chapter 6: Social interaction in everyday life

• Social interaction is when people act and react in relationships.
• Social structure helps make sense of situations.
• A status is the social position a person holds being a part of social identity.
• Status indicates the social position held by a person, and status sets change over life.
• Ascribed status is given at birth or involuntarily, while achieved status is voluntarily taken.
• A master status shapes a person's entire life.

ROLE

• Role states behaviour expected; role set is roles attached to a status.
• Role sets very from various societies: such as lower income countries having students with less amounts of school time.
• Role conflict roles connect to two statuses (Politician, Family).
• Role strain is tension among a single status (Professor trying to be friendly, personal distance).
• Social construction of reality says people creatively shape reality, reality by people form,
• Ethnomethodology is the study of people making sense everyday , How are you helps us know how our personalities are.
• Reality is built culture people find different meanings in gestures.

DRAMATURGICAL ANALYSIS

• the study of how we present ourselves in a “stage like” setting.

• analysis uses “roles” and “scripts” and the notion of how we present ourselves.

• status is “the part” and roles serve as scripts providing dialogue or action.

• individuals presentation effort in creation of specific impression using impression management.

• Performances happen on front stage (performing), back stage, and communication-using body movements.

• Embarrassment comes when things go wrong, but tact helps save face.

• Interactions in daily life involve emotions shaped by culture (Flight assistants have to be emotional), controlling world and language.

• Humor plays with realities, but can create conflict.

Chapter 9: Deviance

• Deviance in what someone is the recognized violation of cultural norms.
• A category of deviance can be crime the use being stated of formally enacted criminal's law. actions is range from crimes such murder, or rape to crimes students speaking loudly in class.
• Social control is attempt to regulate thoughts and behaviour.
• Criminal justice is process where justice orgs and police responds.
• Biological context is theory of instincts that people follow when committing a crime.
• Lombroso theorizes characteristics prominent features and cheekbones are more likely to commit crimes.
• Psychological factors in deviance depend on the abnormality of a person's personality.
• Social foundation of deviance explains people define deviance.
• Society shape how people commit the actual crime
• Deviance depend cultural norms act in relations to specific norms.
• People become deviant others define the way they are.
• Deviance is the cultural difference but there in reason for acting upon theses desires.

STRUCTURES OF FUNCTIONS

• Key insight is that deviance plays with the society organization.
• Deviance firms cultured values nothing with no evil.
• Deviances is people coming tougher(protests).
• Social change is encouraging deviance it encourages the change.
• Strain theory argues societies can encourages Deviance because of what society provides.
• Crime is due society with a cult goal.
• Ritualism doesn't care, but stick to the rules.
• Retreat-ism is giving up Dropping.
• Society rejects the definition and forms a counter culture.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTION

• Explains it in people can deviance in every situation.
• Labelling is actions that result people not conforming or what people don't have results.
• Theory states deviance results from results of doing with action.
• Primary deviance is violations to provoke in affects self.
• Some violations primary deviance don't have much self concept.
• 2nd deviants actions identity breaks rules action.
• Some actions school are called primary deviants which not make people harm.
• Secondary is person is defined as deviance starts changing and acting , people actions called deviants is how people use .
• Defensive is new way behaviour in defence the way in doing adjustment.
• Stigma is master bad changes that change people self concepts as people see or concept them.
• Retrospective labelling means present of some past act done.
• Actions that irritable behaviour.
• Conformity depend encourges or reject behaviour .
• Younger people do actions see they are peers act out.

HIRSCHI'S CONTROL THEORY

• State controls depend on people and their anticipations on effects of new habits and behviour.
• Assumes everyone finds deviance tempting, controls refrain from temptation because of ruined life reasons.
• The reasons of the action are: Attachment, Opportunities, Involvement, Belief.

THEORIES OF CLASS

People we assume are deviants aren't corporate, but working men that is related to status

• People are equal rights among certain groups.
• Devises and capital, deviance also interfere with capitilization.
• Sociality system is the welfare act justice systems blame individuals but not problems in all 3 categories.
• Every society places and the way we deviance in every sector.
• More powerful in power responsibility against actions theory says that distinct class by homosexuality in society and way.
• It isn't the way the society that we live by it depends the way people are made of. and power and a desire for over other, due to their or have it harder). culture is a world for

Chapter 8: Sexuality and Society

• sexuality exists in every place, in media and on campus and sports
• Sex is a biology to reproduce.

Sex is cultural

orientation is person attraction between other perosn's

• Sex is made cultural too.
• Some practice is also different but this depends on society. Some like modesty in society and other does not.. Some has restrict and it's also common in a lot of world and it exist. Taboos exist in everything in everyone's culture. taboo in everything and is must to exists in the society. family has reproduction but also exist too people can control sexuality . is and many others sex in world's.
• theories say is natural and learned from contexts

STRUCTURAL

Sexuality is the consequences and it's what they are made of for behaviours. institutions are regulated if people are reproducing and the reproduction is with their spouse. is not a choice your partners. was sexual. the use also for been needs and needs the freedom for

INTERACTIONS

interactions is built on everyday on the people society. are different each and the understandings are sexuality is that of virginity. importance is changed to people . more freedom.

theory of class

inequality is and they. . to objects made women and