Sociology Branches Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which branch of sociology is focused on the study of human nature and 'social stimuli'?

  • Sociological Theory and Research
  • Human Ecology
  • Population Studies
  • Social Psychology (correct)

    • What does Political Science primarily study?

  • Systematic study of political & Government institutions and processes (correct)
  • Sociological Theory and Research
  • Human Ecology
  • Social Change

    • What is the main focus of Applied Sociology?

  • Study of human nature and 'social stimuli'
  • Discovery of theoretical tools to explain an issue
  • Study of social institutions
  • Concerned with practical applications of human behavior (correct)

    • 'Politics' is derived from which Greek word?

    <p>'City' or 'State'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Hunting & Gathering Society during the Paleolithic Period?

    <p>Nomadic lifestyle with societies consisting of 20-30 members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary task of Government within a state?

    <p>Imposing social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Family in socialization according to the text?

    <p>Developing social awareness and forming initial motivations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors is considered a form of Deviance?

    <p>Rejecting cultural norms in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Ritualism as a form of deviance?

    <p>Rejecting the importance of success goals but continuing diligent work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Internal Social Control?

    <p>Knowing what is right and adhering to it personally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rebellion is characterized by:

    <p>Changing both societal goals and means through actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human Rights, as discussed in the text, are:

    <p>Inherent to all human beings and interconnected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of society according to Kornblum as cited in Baliao & Parcon (2011)?

    <p>A population of people organized in a cooperative manner to carry out life functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of culture refers to an individual's taste, inclination, and interest in the 'fine arts'?

    <p>Knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do sociologists view society as?

    <p>An association organized by men with a territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to objects made by human beings, whether hand-made or mass-produced?

    <p>Artifacts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes culture as shared and contested through time?

    <p>Cultural Relativist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'explicit culture' refer to?

    <p>Culture that is directly observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of power mentioned in the text during the 1700s?

    <p>Electricity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ferdinand Tonnies, which type of society is characterized by everyone knowing everyone?

    <p>Gemeinschaft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which river was the Sumerian Civilization developed along?

    <p>Tigris and Euphrates River</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Charles Horton Cooley's Looking Glass Self Theory state?

    <p>A person's sense of self is derived from the perception of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age is associated with wireless technology according to the text?

    <p>Information Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In post-industrial society, what will people lacking a college education have trouble finding?

    <p>Employment opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Unilineal Evolutionism, what is the belief regarding the emergence of new cultural forms?

    <p>New cultural forms pass through similar stages of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Anthropological Functionalism?

    <p>Interrelation and interdependence of cultural elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective believes that culture is influenced by technology?

    <p>Cultural Materialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on Sociological Conflict Perspective, how is the social environment viewed?

    <p>In a continuous struggle in conflict with Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Symbolic Interactionalism primarily deal with?

    <p>Patterns of behaviour in large units of society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which Latin word is the term 'Society' derived, according to the text?

    <p>'societas'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Role-Taking Theory

    • Development of social awareness is traced to our early social interaction
    • Agents of socialization include:
      • Family
      • School
      • Peers
      • Mass Media
      • Workplace

    Conformity and Deviance

    • Conformity: act of exhibiting the same behavior as most other people in a society
    • Deviance: recognized violation of cultural norms
    • Social Control: set of means to ensure people generally behave in expected and approved ways
      • Internal Social Control: knowing it's the right thing to do
      • External Social Control: system of rewards and punishment

    Forms of Deviance

    • Innovation: rejecting the use of socially accepted means to achieve success
    • Ritualism: rejecting the importance of success goals but continuing to work diligently
    • Retreatism: withdrawal from society, not caring about success
    • Rebellion: attempting to change the goals and means of society

    Human Dignity, Human Rights, and The Common Good

    • Human Dignity: something that can't be taken away
    • Human Rights: inherent to all human beings, interrelated, interdependent, and universal
    • The Common Good: something apart from and superior to the individual good of its members

    Industrial Society

    • Developed in the 1700s with the introduction of machines
    • First machine: Steam and water, later replaced by electricity
    • Good effects:
      • Political freedom
      • Study of medicine (long life span)
      • "Rags to riches" concept
    • Bad effects:
      • Less social life
      • Riots and urban violence
      • Helped the rise of modern police force
      • Poverty
    • Sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies divided societies into:
      • Gemeinschaft: everyone knows everyone
      • Gesellschaft: acquaintances

    Post-Industrial Society

    • Information age
    • Wireless technology views with machines and factories
    • People lacking a college education will have even more trouble finding gainful employment

    Four Major Civilizations

    • Sumerian Civilization: developed along the Tigris and Euphrates River in West Asia
    • Indus Valley Civilization: started along the Indus River Valley in India
    • Shang Civilization of China: developed near the Huang Hi/Huang He River
    • Egyptian Civilization: Nile River

    Becoming a Member of Society

    • Enculturation/Socialization: acquiring personal identity, learning norms, values, behavior, habits, beliefs, and social skills
    • Theoretical Perspectives on Enculturation:
      • Charles Horton Cooley's Looking Glass Self Theory
      • Anthropological and Sociological Perspectives on Culture and Society

    Perspectives on Culture and Society

    • Anthropological Perspectives:
      • Unilineal Evolutionism
      • Cultural Diffusionism
      • Historical Particularism
      • Anthropological Functionalism
      • Anthropological Structuralism
      • Cultural Materialism
    • Sociological Perspectives:
      • Sociological Functionalism
      • Sociological Conflict Perspective
      • Symbolic Interactionalism
      • Evolutionism

    Society

    • Derived from the Latin word "societas," meaning companion or associate
    • Refers to a population of people organized in a cooperative manner to carry out the major functions of life
    • Views of society:
      • Anthropological: a group of people sharing a common culture with a territory
      • Sociological: an association organized by men with a territory

    Culture

    • Refers to an individual's taste, inclination, and interest in the "fine arts"
    • Aspects of Culture:
      • Dynamic and flexible
      • Shared and contested through time
      • Learned through socialization or enculturation
      • Patterned social interaction
      • Integrated and timely
    • Explicit Culture: directly observed
    • Implicit Culture: abstract, not quite observed

    How People View Culture

    • Cultural Relativist: it's wrong to judge culture
    • Ethnocentrism: own culture is superior
    • Xenocentrism: inferior/other culture is better
    • Xenophobia: fear of what is perceived as foreign

    How Society is Organized

    • Social Group: a group with shared expectations and common identity
    • Branches of Sociology:
      • Social Organization
      • Social Psychology
      • Applied Sociology
      • Population studies
      • Human Ecology
      • Sociological Theory and Research
      • Social Change

    Political Science

    • Study of Government
    • Study of complex behaviors of political actors
    • Systematic study of political and Government institutions and processes

    Politics

    • Originated from the Greek word "polis," meaning city or state
    • Art or science of governing a city/state
    • Social process of strategy in any position of control, which people gain

    Government

    • Agency to which the will of the state is formulated
    • Organized agency in a state tasked to impose social control
    • Groups of people that govern a community or unit

    Human Biocultural and Sociopolitical Evolution

    • Hunting and Gathering Society:
      • During the Paleolithic Period, which lasted from the beginning of human life until about 10,000 BCE
      • People were nomads, societies were small, consisting of 20-30 members

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    Description

    Explore different branches in sociology including Social Organization, Social Psychology, Applied Sociology, Population studies, Human Ecology, and Sociological Theory and Research. Learn about the study of social institutions, human nature, practical applications of human behavior, demographic characteristics, effects of social organizations, and theoretical tools.

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