Sociological Social Psychology

Societal, individual, interpersonal

Inner drives and motivations of the individual mind, shaped by sexuality and aggression

Individuals form perceptions and determine responses based on the complete 'dynamic whole' of experience

<p>Motivations are subject to environmental factors and learning shapes future responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoughts, emotions, and actions of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological social psychologists focus on individuals' mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociological social psychologists focus on societal factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivational Theories in social psychology focus on the factors that lead individuals to behave in a certain way in the presence of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social perception refers to the process of making judgments about other people based on observation and pre-existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive Theories in social psychology are concerned with how feelings, thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and goals are constructed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social psychology uses scientific methods to study how individuals are affected by social influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decision-Making Theories in social psychology study how psychological factors influence our interactions with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interdependence Theories in social psychology analyze how individuals' actions and feelings are influenced by their relationships with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociocultural theories emphasize the impact of culture and society on individual behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociocultural Theories in social psychology highlight how cultural norms impact individuals even when they are alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study of how individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Even when there are no other people directly present, the effects of social influence are felt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a result of the interaction of mental states and immediate social situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that social influence can occur even when no other people are physically present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They include all psychological variables that are measurable in a human being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivational Learning Theories in Social Psychology focus on a person's motivations, needs, and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology state that a person's behavior depends on their perception and interpretation of situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decision-Making Theories in Social Psychology propose that people rationally calculate the costs and benefits of various actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interdependence Theories in Social Psychology focus on how individuals interact and mutually influence each other's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociocultural Theories in Social Psychology examine how cultural norms, values, and practices shape individuals' behaviors and beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collectivism is the idea that the individual's life belongs to the group and that he must sacrifice his values for the group's 'greater good.' According to collectivism, the group is the basic unit of moral concern, and the individual's value is tied to serving the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attribution theory is concerned with how people explain the behavior of others. It classifies causes of events into external (situational) attributions, assigning causality to outside factors, and internal (dispositional) attributions, assigning causality to factors within the person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory deals with conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. An example could be a person smoking (behavior) while knowing it's unhealthy (belief).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interdependence theories focus on how individuals rely on each other in relationships. They explore the dynamics of mutual influence and cooperation among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sociocultural theories emphasize the influence of social groups and culture on individual identity and behavior. They highlight how societal norms and values shape individuals' actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture shapes people's view of reality and of themselves, significantly influencing individual's social behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualism values personal identity, uniqueness, and freedom, while collectivism emphasizes loyalty to the family, adherence to group norms, and harmonious social relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social roles are sets of social norms about how a person in a particular social position should behave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socialization is the process of acquiring the rules, standards, and values of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social norms are rules and expectations about how group members should behave, guiding and regulating group behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural belief systems of individualism and collectivism influence how individuals perceive themselves and interact within society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture shapes people's view of reality and of themselves, impacting their social behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture establishes rules and expectations about how group members should behave, shaping social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individualistic cultures value personal identity, uniqueness, and freedom, while collectivistic cultures emphasize loyalty to the family and harmonious social relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social roles provide guidelines about how a person in a particular social position should behave, shaping individual actions within a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquiring new information that outweighs the dissonant beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By convincing themselves that certain beliefs or attitudes are less important.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in changing well-learned behavioral responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giving up smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By introducing information that contradicts the dissonant beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) describes how attitudes form and change through two separate processes: central route (high elaboration) and peripheral route (low elaboration).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Drive Reduction Theory posits that the presence of an audience causes arousal, leading to dominant responses in decision-making situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort from holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes. Resolving this dissonance can lead to attitude change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conflicting beliefs can create discomfort and impact the decision-making process. Cognitive consistency theories suggest resolving this conflict by aligning beliefs with behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Belief systems play a significant role in shaping behaviors and attitudes. They can influence the decision-making process by guiding choices based on one's core beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Festinger's theory posits that individuals seek consistency in beliefs and attitudes. When inconsistencies arise, cognitive dissonance occurs, leading to a state of tension that individuals are motivated to reduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to the theory, when there is a discrepancy between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), individuals must change something to eliminate the dissonance and achieve consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency is a fundamental concept in the theory, focusing on the idea that individuals strive to maintain harmony among their beliefs and attitudes. Inconsistencies lead to dissonance that individuals seek to resolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort felt when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes. Individuals strive to reduce this discomfort by changing attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to restore balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissonance can be reduced by changing behaviors, changing beliefs, or justifying the inconsistency. These methods aim to restore harmony and eliminate cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attribution theory divides the way people attribute causes to events into two types: external or 'situational' attributions and internal or 'dispositional' attributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methods of reducing cognitive dissonance include changing beliefs, acquiring new information, or minimizing the importance of the conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency refers to the state of having consistent beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. It is important for maintaining psychological balance and reducing cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In cognitive dissonance theory, individuals may change their beliefs to align with their behaviors or change their behaviors to align with their beliefs to reduce the discomfort of inconsistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals experience discomfort when their attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent, leading them to change their attitudes to reduce dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One method is to change one's behavior to align with their beliefs or attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency refers to the tendency to maintain harmony among one's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beliefs and behaviors that are inconsistent can lead to discomfort and motivate individuals to adjust either their beliefs or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitude change occurs when individuals adjust their attitudes to align with their behaviors to reduce cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort experienced when holding conflicting attitudes or beliefs, which can lead to attitude change to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One method of reducing cognitive dissonance is by changing one's behavior to align with the conflicting attitude or belief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency refers to the tendency to seek harmony in one's beliefs and attitudes, which can help reduce cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance arises when there is a mismatch between one's beliefs and behaviors, leading to psychological discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency helps individuals maintain stable beliefs and behaviors by reducing the discomfort of conflicting attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory posits that individuals experience psychological discomfort when they hold contradictory beliefs or engage in behaviors that conflict with their beliefs. This discomfort motivates them to seek consistency by either changing their beliefs or justifying their behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals can reduce dissonance by reevaluating the importance of their conflicting beliefs or attitudes. By downplaying the significance of one cognition, they can restore cognitive consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One cognitive method of reducing dissonance is through rationalization, where individuals create justifications or excuses to align their behaviors with their beliefs. This process helps them maintain cognitive consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency plays a crucial role in attitude change by influencing how individuals align their beliefs with their behaviors. When attitudes are inconsistent, individuals may experience discomfort and seek to change either their attitudes or behaviors to restore consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory impacts beliefs and behaviors by highlighting the discomfort individuals feel when their beliefs are inconsistent with their behaviors. This discomfort can motivate them to alter their beliefs or behaviors to achieve cognitive consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency is significant in shaping attitudes as it reflects the human tendency to seek harmony between beliefs and behaviors. When attitudes are consistent, individuals experience less cognitive dissonance and are more likely to maintain their attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals strive to maintain cognitive consistency in belief systems by either adjusting their beliefs to align with their behaviors or modifying their behaviors to match their beliefs. This process helps them reduce cognitive dissonance and maintain psychological harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A common method individuals use to resolve cognitive dissonance is through self-justification. By rationalizing their behaviors or beliefs, individuals reduce the psychological discomfort associated with conflicting cognitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance can impact decision-making processes by introducing psychological tension when individuals face choices that conflict with their existing beliefs. This discomfort may influence their decisions as they strive to resolve the dissonance and restore cognitive consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beliefs and behaviors interact in the context of cognitive dissonance by creating tension when they are incongruent. This tension motivates individuals to adjust either their beliefs or behaviors to restore harmony and reduce the discomfort of dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The model describes two separate processes based on the likelihood of cognitive elaborations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency refers to the desire to maintain harmony among beliefs and behaviors, influencing the formation and reinforcement of attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals can reduce dissonance by adjusting the importance they attribute to conflicting beliefs or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One method of reducing cognitive dissonance is by changing behaviors to align with beliefs or attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main emphasis of Cognitive Theories in social psychology is on how individuals process, store, and apply information to understand and interact with the social world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By convincing themselves that certain beliefs or attitudes are less important than others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acquiring new information that outweighs the dissonant beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing or eliminating the behavior causing the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By acquiring new information that contradicts the dissonant beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreasing the importance of conflicting cognitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main idea is that individuals seek consistency in their beliefs and attitudes to avoid cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that individuals can reduce dissonance by altering their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to restore balance and harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to cognitive dissonance theory, when there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors, individuals experience discomfort, leading to a change in attitudes or behaviors to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency plays a crucial role in reducing dissonance by motivating individuals to align their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors to achieve harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cognitive method of reducing dissonance involves changing one's attitudes or beliefs to align with their behaviors, thereby reducing the inconsistency and restoring cognitive harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. It impacts beliefs and behaviors by creating tension that individuals seek to reduce by changing attitudes or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive consistency is crucial in maintaining stable beliefs and behaviors as individuals strive to avoid the discomfort of cognitive dissonance by aligning their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In cognitive dissonance theory, attitude change occurs when individuals experience discomfort due to conflicting beliefs or behaviors, leading them to adjust their attitudes to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methods of reducing cognitive dissonance include changing behaviors to align with beliefs, justifying behaviors to match attitudes, or seeking out new information that supports existing beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory can be applied to attitude change by highlighting the discomfort individuals feel when their attitudes conflict with their behaviors, motivating them to change their attitudes to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs or values. An example of this is when a person who values health smokes cigarettes, leading to attitude change to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One cognitive method of reducing dissonance is by changing one's beliefs to align with their behaviors, thus reducing the perceived inconsistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to cognitive dissonance theory, one method of reducing dissonance is by justifying or rationalizing one's behaviors to align with their beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory can be applied to attitude change by inducing discomfort through conflicting beliefs, leading individuals to change their attitudes to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One challenge associated with reducing dissonance through changing behaviors is the resistance to admit mistakes or change one's actions, as it can be psychologically uncomfortable.</p> Signup and view all the answers