Sociological Social Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What are the three levels of analysis in social psychology?

Societal, individual, interpersonal

According to Psychoanalytic Theory, what shapes an individual's motivations?

Inner drives and motivations of the individual mind, shaped by sexuality and aggression

How does Gestalt psychology view motivation?

Individuals form perceptions and determine responses based on the complete 'dynamic whole' of experience

What is the central claim of Behaviorism regarding motivation?

<p>Motivations are subject to environmental factors and learning shapes future responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

In social psychology, what does Cognitive Theory focus on?

<p>Thoughts, emotions, and actions of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the main focus of psychological social psychologists.

<p>Psychological social psychologists focus on individuals' mental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sociological social psychologists from psychological social psychologists?

<p>Sociological social psychologists focus on societal factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain one key aspect of Motivational Theories in social psychology.

<p>Motivational Theories in social psychology focus on the factors that lead individuals to behave in a certain way in the presence of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define social perception and its significance.

<p>Social perception refers to the process of making judgments about other people based on observation and pre-existing knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main emphasis of Cognitive Theories in social psychology?

<p>Cognitive Theories in social psychology are concerned with how feelings, thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and goals are constructed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social psychology contribute to the study of social influence?

<p>Social psychology uses scientific methods to study how individuals are affected by social influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Decision-Making Theories contribute to social psychology?

<p>Decision-Making Theories in social psychology study how psychological factors influence our interactions with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Interdependence Theories in social psychology?

<p>Interdependence Theories in social psychology analyze how individuals' actions and feelings are influenced by their relationships with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes sociocultural theories in social psychology?

<p>Sociocultural theories emphasize the impact of culture and society on individual behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of Sociocultural Theories in social psychology.

<p>Sociocultural Theories in social psychology highlight how cultural norms impact individuals even when they are alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Social Psychology?

<p>The study of how individuals perceive, influence, and relate to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Gordon Allport, how does social influence manifest in individuals?

<p>Even when there are no other people directly present, the effects of social influence are felt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Social Psychology explain human behavior?

<p>As a result of the interaction of mental states and immediate social situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'imagined or implied presence' refer to in Social Psychology?

<p>The idea that social influence can occur even when no other people are physically present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Social Psychology define the terms 'thoughts, feelings, and behaviors'?

<p>They include all psychological variables that are measurable in a human being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the focus of Motivational Learning Theories in Social Psychology.

<p>Motivational Learning Theories in Social Psychology focus on a person's motivations, needs, and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the main principle of Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology.

<p>Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology state that a person's behavior depends on their perception and interpretation of situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the key concept of Decision-Making Theories in Social Psychology.

<p>Decision-Making Theories in Social Psychology propose that people rationally calculate the costs and benefits of various actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the core idea behind Interdependence Theories in Social Psychology.

<p>Interdependence Theories in Social Psychology focus on how individuals interact and mutually influence each other's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the central concept of Sociocultural Theories in Social Psychology.

<p>Sociocultural Theories in Social Psychology examine how cultural norms, values, and practices shape individuals' behaviors and beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of collectivism and its view on individual rights.

<p>Collectivism is the idea that the individual's life belongs to the group and that he must sacrifice his values for the group's 'greater good.' According to collectivism, the group is the basic unit of moral concern, and the individual's value is tied to serving the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is attribution theory and how does it classify causes of events?

<p>Attribution theory is concerned with how people explain the behavior of others. It classifies causes of events into external (situational) attributions, assigning causality to outside factors, and internal (dispositional) attributions, assigning causality to factors within the person.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define cognitive dissonance theory and provide an example of conflicting attitudes or beliefs.

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory deals with conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. An example could be a person smoking (behavior) while knowing it's unhealthy (belief).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of interdependence theories in understanding social relationships.

<p>Interdependence theories focus on how individuals rely on each other in relationships. They explore the dynamics of mutual influence and cooperation among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the impact of sociocultural theories on individual identity and behavior.

<p>Sociocultural theories emphasize the influence of social groups and culture on individual identity and behavior. They highlight how societal norms and values shape individuals' actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how culture influences social behavior according to sociocultural theories.

<p>Culture shapes people's view of reality and of themselves, significantly influencing individual's social behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the difference between individualism and collectivism as discussed in sociocultural theories.

<p>Individualism values personal identity, uniqueness, and freedom, while collectivism emphasizes loyalty to the family, adherence to group norms, and harmonious social relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sociocultural theories define social roles?

<p>Social roles are sets of social norms about how a person in a particular social position should behave.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of socialization according to sociocultural theories.

<p>Socialization is the process of acquiring the rules, standards, and values of a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do social norms impact group behavior, as viewed in sociocultural theories?

<p>Social norms are rules and expectations about how group members should behave, guiding and regulating group behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of cultural belief systems of individualism and collectivism in shaping social behavior.

<p>Cultural belief systems of individualism and collectivism influence how individuals perceive themselves and interact within society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does culture influence people's perception of reality and themselves?

<p>Culture shapes people's view of reality and of themselves, impacting their social behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of culture in determining social norms.

<p>Culture establishes rules and expectations about how group members should behave, shaping social norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sociocultural theories differentiate between individualistic and collectivistic cultures?

<p>Individualistic cultures value personal identity, uniqueness, and freedom, while collectivistic cultures emphasize loyalty to the family and harmonious social relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the impact of social roles on individual behavior based on sociocultural theories.

<p>Social roles provide guidelines about how a person in a particular social position should behave, shaping individual actions within a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain a cognitive method of reducing dissonance.

<p>Acquiring new information that outweighs the dissonant beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can individuals reduce dissonance by changing the importance of their cognitions?

<p>By convincing themselves that certain beliefs or attitudes are less important.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges are associated with reducing dissonance through changing behaviors?

<p>Difficulty in changing well-learned behavioral responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a dissonant cognition that can be reduced by changing behaviors.

<p>Giving up smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can acquiring new information help in reducing cognitive dissonance?

<p>By introducing information that contradicts the dissonant beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion and its key components.

<p>The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) describes how attitudes form and change through two separate processes: central route (high elaboration) and peripheral route (low elaboration).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the Drive Reduction Theory and how it relates to arousal and dominant responses in decision making.

<p>The Drive Reduction Theory posits that the presence of an audience causes arousal, leading to dominant responses in decision-making situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of cognitive dissonance and provide an example of how it leads to attitude change.

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort from holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes. Resolving this dissonance can lead to attitude change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the impact of conflicting beliefs on decision-making and how it can be resolved according to cognitive consistency theories.

<p>Conflicting beliefs can create discomfort and impact the decision-making process. Cognitive consistency theories suggest resolving this conflict by aligning beliefs with behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of belief systems in shaping behaviors and attitudes, and how they influence the decision-making process.

<p>Belief systems play a significant role in shaping behaviors and attitudes. They can influence the decision-making process by guiding choices based on one's core beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance and how it relates to attitudes and beliefs.

<p>Festinger's theory posits that individuals seek consistency in beliefs and attitudes. When inconsistencies arise, cognitive dissonance occurs, leading to a state of tension that individuals are motivated to reduce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of attitude change according to cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>According to the theory, when there is a discrepancy between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), individuals must change something to eliminate the dissonance and achieve consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive consistency play a role in Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance?

<p>Cognitive consistency is a fundamental concept in the theory, focusing on the idea that individuals strive to maintain harmony among their beliefs and attitudes. Inconsistencies lead to dissonance that individuals seek to resolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of cognitive dissonance and how individuals aim to reduce it.

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort felt when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes. Individuals strive to reduce this discomfort by changing attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to restore balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the three ways in which dissonance can be reduced according to cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>Dissonance can be reduced by changing behaviors, changing beliefs, or justifying the inconsistency. These methods aim to restore harmony and eliminate cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does attribution theory classify causes of events?

<p>Attribution theory divides the way people attribute causes to events into two types: external or 'situational' attributions and internal or 'dispositional' attributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss methods of reducing cognitive dissonance.

<p>Methods of reducing cognitive dissonance include changing beliefs, acquiring new information, or minimizing the importance of the conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive consistency and why is it important?

<p>Cognitive consistency refers to the state of having consistent beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. It is important for maintaining psychological balance and reducing cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between beliefs and behaviors in the context of cognitive dissonance.

<p>In cognitive dissonance theory, individuals may change their beliefs to align with their behaviors or change their behaviors to align with their beliefs to reduce the discomfort of inconsistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how cognitive dissonance theory can be applied to attitude change.

<p>Individuals experience discomfort when their attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent, leading them to change their attitudes to reduce dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a method of reducing cognitive dissonance according to cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>One method is to change one's behavior to align with their beliefs or attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how cognitive consistency plays a role in shaping beliefs and behaviors.

<p>Cognitive consistency refers to the tendency to maintain harmony among one's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of beliefs and behaviors in the context of cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>Beliefs and behaviors that are inconsistent can lead to discomfort and motivate individuals to adjust either their beliefs or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of attitude change in the context of cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>Attitude change occurs when individuals adjust their attitudes to align with their behaviors to reduce cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of cognitive dissonance and how it relates to attitude change.

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort experienced when holding conflicting attitudes or beliefs, which can lead to attitude change to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss one method of reducing cognitive dissonance.

<p>One method of reducing cognitive dissonance is by changing one's behavior to align with the conflicting attitude or belief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive consistency play a role in reducing dissonance?

<p>Cognitive consistency refers to the tendency to seek harmony in one's beliefs and attitudes, which can help reduce cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between beliefs and behaviors in the context of cognitive dissonance.

<p>Cognitive dissonance arises when there is a mismatch between one's beliefs and behaviors, leading to psychological discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of cognitive consistency in maintaining stable beliefs and behaviors.

<p>Cognitive consistency helps individuals maintain stable beliefs and behaviors by reducing the discomfort of conflicting attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory posits that individuals experience psychological discomfort when they hold contradictory beliefs or engage in behaviors that conflict with their beliefs. This discomfort motivates them to seek consistency by either changing their beliefs or justifying their behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can individuals reduce dissonance by changing the importance of their cognitions?

<p>Individuals can reduce dissonance by reevaluating the importance of their conflicting beliefs or attitudes. By downplaying the significance of one cognition, they can restore cognitive consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss a cognitive method of reducing dissonance.

<p>One cognitive method of reducing dissonance is through rationalization, where individuals create justifications or excuses to align their behaviors with their beliefs. This process helps them maintain cognitive consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of cognitive consistency in attitude change.

<p>Cognitive consistency plays a crucial role in attitude change by influencing how individuals align their beliefs with their behaviors. When attitudes are inconsistent, individuals may experience discomfort and seek to change either their attitudes or behaviors to restore consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive dissonance theory impact beliefs and behaviors?

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory impacts beliefs and behaviors by highlighting the discomfort individuals feel when their beliefs are inconsistent with their behaviors. This discomfort can motivate them to alter their beliefs or behaviors to achieve cognitive consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of cognitive consistency in shaping attitudes.

<p>Cognitive consistency is significant in shaping attitudes as it reflects the human tendency to seek harmony between beliefs and behaviors. When attitudes are consistent, individuals experience less cognitive dissonance and are more likely to maintain their attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals strive to maintain cognitive consistency in belief systems?

<p>Individuals strive to maintain cognitive consistency in belief systems by either adjusting their beliefs to align with their behaviors or modifying their behaviors to match their beliefs. This process helps them reduce cognitive dissonance and maintain psychological harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain a common method individuals use to resolve cognitive dissonance.

<p>A common method individuals use to resolve cognitive dissonance is through self-justification. By rationalizing their behaviors or beliefs, individuals reduce the psychological discomfort associated with conflicting cognitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the impact of cognitive dissonance on decision-making processes.

<p>Cognitive dissonance can impact decision-making processes by introducing psychological tension when individuals face choices that conflict with their existing beliefs. This discomfort may influence their decisions as they strive to resolve the dissonance and restore cognitive consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do beliefs and behaviors interact in the context of cognitive dissonance?

<p>Beliefs and behaviors interact in the context of cognitive dissonance by creating tension when they are incongruent. This tension motivates individuals to adjust either their beliefs or behaviors to restore harmony and reduce the discomfort of dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion describe information processing?

<p>The model describes two separate processes based on the likelihood of cognitive elaborations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of cognitive consistency and its role in shaping attitudes.

<p>Cognitive consistency refers to the desire to maintain harmony among beliefs and behaviors, influencing the formation and reinforcement of attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can individuals reduce dissonance by changing the importance of their cognitions?

<p>Individuals can reduce dissonance by adjusting the importance they attribute to conflicting beliefs or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss one method of reducing cognitive dissonance.

<p>One method of reducing cognitive dissonance is by changing behaviors to align with beliefs or attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main emphasis of Cognitive Theories in social psychology?

<p>The main emphasis of Cognitive Theories in social psychology is on how individuals process, store, and apply information to understand and interact with the social world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can individuals reduce cognitive dissonance by changing the importance of their cognitions?

<p>By convincing themselves that certain beliefs or attitudes are less important than others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cognitive method of reducing dissonance described in the text?

<p>Acquiring new information that outweighs the dissonant beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain one way to reduce cognitive dissonance by changing a behavior.

<p>Changing or eliminating the behavior causing the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest reducing cognitive dissonance by changing beliefs?

<p>By acquiring new information that contradicts the dissonant beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cognitive method of reducing cognitive dissonance by adjusting attitudes?

<p>Decreasing the importance of conflicting cognitions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance?

<p>The main idea is that individuals seek consistency in their beliefs and attitudes to avoid cognitive dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cognitive dissonance theory suggest individuals reduce dissonance?

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that individuals can reduce dissonance by altering their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors to restore balance and harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of attitude change according to cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>According to cognitive dissonance theory, when there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors, individuals experience discomfort, leading to a change in attitudes or behaviors to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cognitive consistency play in reducing dissonance?

<p>Cognitive consistency plays a crucial role in reducing dissonance by motivating individuals to align their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors to achieve harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss a cognitive method of reducing dissonance according to cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>A cognitive method of reducing dissonance involves changing one's attitudes or beliefs to align with their behaviors, thereby reducing the inconsistency and restoring cognitive harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of cognitive dissonance theory and its impact on beliefs and behaviors.

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. It impacts beliefs and behaviors by creating tension that individuals seek to reduce by changing attitudes or behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of cognitive consistency in maintaining stable beliefs and behaviors.

<p>Cognitive consistency is crucial in maintaining stable beliefs and behaviors as individuals strive to avoid the discomfort of cognitive dissonance by aligning their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of attitude change according to cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>In cognitive dissonance theory, attitude change occurs when individuals experience discomfort due to conflicting beliefs or behaviors, leading them to adjust their attitudes to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss methods of reducing cognitive dissonance.

<p>Methods of reducing cognitive dissonance include changing behaviors to align with beliefs, justifying behaviors to match attitudes, or seeking out new information that supports existing beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how cognitive dissonance theory can be applied to attitude change.

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory can be applied to attitude change by highlighting the discomfort individuals feel when their attitudes conflict with their behaviors, motivating them to change their attitudes to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of cognitive dissonance and provide an example of how it leads to attitude change.

<p>Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort caused by holding contradictory beliefs or values. An example of this is when a person who values health smokes cigarettes, leading to attitude change to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss a cognitive method of reducing dissonance.

<p>One cognitive method of reducing dissonance is by changing one's beliefs to align with their behaviors, thus reducing the perceived inconsistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a method of reducing cognitive dissonance according to cognitive dissonance theory.

<p>According to cognitive dissonance theory, one method of reducing dissonance is by justifying or rationalizing one's behaviors to align with their beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how cognitive dissonance theory can be applied to attitude change.

<p>Cognitive dissonance theory can be applied to attitude change by inducing discomfort through conflicting beliefs, leading individuals to change their attitudes to reduce the dissonance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges are associated with reducing dissonance through changing behaviors?

<p>One challenge associated with reducing dissonance through changing behaviors is the resistance to admit mistakes or change one's actions, as it can be psychologically uncomfortable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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