Social Psychology vs. Sociology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

According to the theories of liking, which factor is considered the best predictor of interpersonal attraction?

Similarity

Proximity (correct)

Self-disclosure

Physical attractiveness

The Good Samaritan study concluded that people are more likely to help others when they are in a large group.

False (B)

What are the three components of Sternberg's triangular theory of love?

Passion, Intimacy, Commitment

According to reward theory, we are attracted to individuals who provide us with maximum rewards at minimum ______________.

cost Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their explanations:

Diffusion of responsibility = People feel less personal obligation to help when others are present Halo effect = The tendency to assume that physically attractive people possess other positive traits Reward theory of liking = We prefer people who offer maximum rewards for minimum costs Self-disclosure = Sharing personal information to foster intimacy and trust Signup and view all the answers

What leads to better judgment regarding behavior?

Judgment based on observable behaviors and developing a casual reason for the behavior (D) Signup and view all the answers

The fundamental attribution error involves overestimating external factors in others' behavior.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance?

A psychological phenomenon that occurs when a person experiences discomfort due to conflicting beliefs or values, leading them to change either their behavior or their beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Festinger and Carlsmith, participants who were paid $______ judged the boring task as more enjoyable.

1 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Self-serving bias = Tendency to view oneself favorably compared to others Actor-observer asymmetry = Different attributions for one's own behavior versus others’ Cognitive dissonance = Discomfort from conflicting beliefs or behaviors Fundamental attribution error = Overestimating internal factors in others' behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies can help in reducing prejudice?

Intergroup cooperation (D) Signup and view all the answers

People usually assess their own strengths as being below average compared to others.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three basic wants that make individuals susceptible to social influence?

The hedonic motive (desire for pleasure), the approval motive (desire for social acceptance), and the accuracy motive (desire to be correct). Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of social psychology?

Individual thoughts and behaviors in relation to the group (C) Signup and view all the answers

Stereotypes can sometimes be beneficial in social interactions.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does social identity refer to?

Public aspect of identity based on observable groupings. Signup and view all the answers

Prejudice is learned attitude towards another group involving negative feelings and negative _____ that justify the attitude.

beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to prejudice with their definitions:

Scapegoating = Blaming an innocent group for one's problems Conformity to a social norm = Adjusting behavior to align with group standards Media stereotypes = Influences from mass media reinforcing certain views Education = An often ineffective tool for combating prejudice Signup and view all the answers

What is one proposed effective strategy to combat prejudice according to the Robbers Cave experiment?

Engage in cooperative tasks (C) Signup and view all the answers

Attribution theory suggests that removing stereotypes would enable better judgment of others.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is specialized for social cognition?

Medial prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Social cognition involves processes by which people come to _____ others.

understand Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of stereotype threat?

Increased hypervigilance (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Social psychology examines how individuals think and relate to groups.
Individuals and experiments are key aspects of social psychology.
Sociology studies how groups interact and function.
Groups of people and field research are important in sociology.

Humans are social animals; social interaction is advantageous.
Social interaction does not imply shared interpretations of reality.
Social psychology studies how thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by interactions.
Social context includes the presence of others, interactions, settings, expectations, and social norms.
Our behaviors are shaped by social cognitions and the actions of those around us.

Social cognition refers to processes by which humans understand others.
The human brain specializes in social cognition, particularly the medial prefrontal cortex, which activates when considering others' attributes.
This activity remains constant, even when asleep.
Understanding others is a continuously active process.
The environment considers individuals to be their primary objects of study.
Individuals spend significant time analyzing and understanding the behaviors of others.
Comprehending human behavior is vital for survival.

Social psychology and personality are linked.
Personal identities are defined by values, experiences, ideas, and relationships; these are unique.

Categorization of information is a vital part of information processing.
Stereotypes are useful tools for interacting with others.
Stereotypes can be inaccurate and routinely applied, especially toward out-groups.
Stereotypes can be self-perpetuating, leading to perceptual confirmation.
Stereotype threat describes how external expectations can influence internal motivation and behavior, which can negatively affect performance.
Work of Claude Steele and colleagues shows the impact of imposed expectations on those of social identities.
Worry about confirming the stereotype can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Prejudice involves negative feelings and beliefs towards an out-group, justifying discriminatory behavior.
Causes include social distance, competition, scapegoating, conformity to social norms, and the impact of media stereotypes.

The Robbers Cave experiment demonstrates the conflict over resources between groups, highlighting the importance of de-escalating tensions.
Education plays a limited role in minimizing prejudice, but legislation and changing existing narratives can prove to be more effective tools.
Cooperation on shared tasks can help reduce prejudice.

Attribution theory examines how we make judgments about others' behaviors.
Judgments are based on observable behaviors and causal reasoning, leading to better judgment when causal factors are considered.
Actor-observer asymmetry describes how we explain our own behaviors versus those of others.
Fundamental attribution error involves overestimating internal factors for other's behaviors.

Cognitive dissonance examines inconsistencies between one's beliefs or actions and their impact.
Individuals strive for internal consistency, which can lead to adjustments in beliefs or behaviors.

Self-serving bias refers to the tendency of individuals to view themselves favorably.
People often judge their abilities as above average relative to others.
Memory is commonly selective when it comes to self-assessments.

Social influence refers to how one person controls another's behaviors.
Influence is essential to various facets of human interactions in society.
Humans exhibit susceptibility to social influence without necessarily realizing the influence exists.
Influence is tied to social cooperation, altruism, and functioning as a society.
3 fundamental principles of social influence are pleasure/pain, approval/acceptance, and desire to be accurate.

Social norms are defined expectations for behaviors in specific social contexts.
Adhering to social norms shapes behavior in social situations.
Social norms can be explicit (stated rules) or implicit (understood expectations).
Adjustments to norms occur to maintain consistency within the group.

Conformity involves adjusting one's opinions and behaviors to align with the group.
Informational conformity arises from a desire to be correct, while normative conformity arises from a desire to be liked.
Sherif's autokinetic effect and informational conformity illustrate factors that influence opinions.

The Milgram experiment investigates obedience to authority.
Participants' obedience to authority figures, even in situations involving potentially harmful actions, is a key finding.
Factors such as the physical presence of the authority figure and the distance from the recipient of the actions influence obedience levels.

Diffusion of responsibility describes decreasing likelihood of intervention when more people are present.
Observation that seminary students are less likely to help in certain situations.

Human relationships are influenced by environmental factors including familiarity, similarity, and the reward theory, suggesting those who provide benefits are more attractive. • Physical attractiveness is a significant factor in interpersonal attraction. • Sternberg's triangular theory of love posits that love consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Dreams and Determinism

All behaviors have a purpose, including slips of the tongue, forgetting, and dreams which serve a purpose, manifest (apparent) and latent (true) content.

Personality (Chapter 11)

The chapter explores the concept of personality and the challenges in defining and assessing it.
This chapter introduces the idea of the Barnum effect(people are likely to believe a description of their personality is accurate.
It also examines several major theories of personality and their perspectives on individual differences in thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

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Description

This quiz explores the key differences between social psychology and sociology, focusing on how individuals and groups interact. It delves into social behavior, social cognition, and the influences of social contexts. Test your understanding of these concepts and their applications in real-world scenarios.