Sociological Perspective on Modern Society

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Questions and Answers

In the preparatory stage, infants use ______ gestures that may not mean the same to the sender and hearer.

unconventional

The development of ______ allows children to respond to each other through symbols, gestures, words, and sounds.

language

During the play stage, children take the role of significant ______ with whom they have long-term relations.

others

In the play stage, a child may play at being ______, seeing herself from the point of view of that role.

Mommy Signup and view all the answers

The self is described as a ______ that provides a viewpoint for considering behavior and meaning.

perspective Signup and view all the answers

Babies eventually discover that if they mimic their ______, they will get their needs met sooner.

parents Signup and view all the answers

A self-identity is not an objective description of what a person is "like" and not what others would expect to be, but rather is influenced by the ongoing story about the ______.

self Signup and view all the answers

Pride and self-esteem are based on confidence in the integrity and value of the narrative of ______.

self-identity Signup and view all the answers

Emotions such as anger, happiness, and confusion are conveyed through ______ in the self-development process.

language Signup and view all the answers

The child begins to understand self as a set of organized ______ and becomes a social object to herself.

responses Signup and view all the answers

Lifestyle choices influence one's self-identity and may be affected by tradition and a sense of relative ______.

freedom Signup and view all the answers

According to Charles Horton Cooley, a person's perception of himself is reflected back in the ______ of others.

reactions Signup and view all the answers

Cooley's looking-glass self suggests that man's idea of himself comes from his imagination on how he appears to ______.

others Signup and view all the answers

A child's self-perception may become confused when positive feedback from parents contrasts with a teacher's less than ______ reactions.

satisfactory Signup and view all the answers

The looking-glass imagery does not imply that a person is a passive receiver; rather, they actively ______ the reactions of others.

manipulate Signup and view all the answers

Cooley argues that a person's sense of self is more like a process than a ______ object.

fixed Signup and view all the answers

Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies with emphasis on modern __________ systems.

industrialized Signup and view all the answers

In pre-modern societies, life was primarily centered on __________.

survival Signup and view all the answers

With modernization, people's choices and freedom about what to do with their lives have __________.

increased Signup and view all the answers

Every decision, no matter how small, affects the development of the __________.

self-identity Signup and view all the answers

The process of finding oneself is enforced upon all individuals as a process of continuous __________.

transformation Signup and view all the answers

Self-identification becomes a __________ project of each individual in modernity.

reflexive Signup and view all the answers

Individuals create and reform their identities through __________.

choice Signup and view all the answers

According to George Herbert Mead, the self is developed over time from social _______.

experiences Signup and view all the answers

From a classical sociological perspective, the self is a relatively stable set of __________ of who we are.

perceptions Signup and view all the answers

The aspect of the self known as the 'ME' represents learned behaviors and expectations of _______.

society Signup and view all the answers

The 'I' is considered the _______ and future phase of the self, representing individual impulses.

present Signup and view all the answers

Mead claims that the self is not formed from _______ but emerges from social interactions.

birth Signup and view all the answers

Role-taking is the key _______ through which people develop a self.

mechanism Signup and view all the answers

The relationship between the 'I' and 'ME' is akin to a system of _______ and balances.

checks Signup and view all the answers

The 'ME' exercises societal _______ over one's self, maintaining adherence to social norms.

control Signup and view all the answers

Mead's perspective on the self emphasizes that it is _______ and continuously changing.

dynamic Signup and view all the answers

Play develops self by allowing the child to take on different roles and express expectations of ______.

others Signup and view all the answers

During role playing, the child is able to internalize the perspective of ______.

others Signup and view all the answers

The next stage in the development of self is the ______ stage.

game Signup and view all the answers

Children can role-take with several people and are very concerned with social ______.

rules Signup and view all the answers

The ______ other refers to sets of attitudes that an individual may take toward him- or herself.

generalized Signup and view all the answers

The self is now complete at the stage of the generalized ______.

other Signup and view all the answers

For Erving Goffman, self-identity is actually a self-______, which is an impression presented to others.

presentation Signup and view all the answers

Goffman mentions a virtual self or possible self that awaits us in every role that society ______ of us.

expects Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sociological Perspective on the Self

Sociology studies human social life, groups, and societies, focusing on industrialized systems.
Modernization has transformed how individuals form and evolve their identities compared to pre-modern societies, emphasizing survival and tradition.
Individuals in modern societies must frequently adapt their self-identities to rapid social changes and increased freedom of choice.
Modern self-identification is reflexive, relying on daily decisions; every choice impacts one's self-identity, unlike in traditional societies.
Reflexive self-awareness allows individuals to construct their identities independently of tradition and culture.
The self is shaped through social interactions and the integration of life events into a coherent narrative of identity.
Successful self-identity relies on maintaining a strong personal narrative that commands self-respect and the respect of others.

Charles Horton Cooley: The Looking Glass Self

Cooley introduced the concept of the "looking-glass self," where individuals perceive themselves through the reactions of others.
Self-perception develops through three components: imagining how one appears to others, assuming how others judge their appearance, and feeling a certain way about these judgments.
Self-identity is a dynamic process shaped by social interactions, not just a fixed entity.
Individuals actively select and judge the impressions that influence their self-concept, often ignoring contradictory feedback.

George Herbert Mead: The Self, "Me" and "I"

Mead described the self as evolving from social interactions and experiences rather than being innate at birth.
The self consists of two components: "ME" (the socialized aspect influenced by societal norms) and "I" (the individual's response to the "ME").
The "ME" is learned behavior shaped by societal expectations; "I" allows personal expression and creativity.
The dynamic interplay between "I" and "ME" supports societal control while also permitting individualism within social constraints.

Creating a Self

Role-taking is fundamental for self-development, allowing individuals to see their behavior from another's perspective.
Mead's four stages of self-development:
- Preparatory Stage: Infants learn about their needs through interactions; early mimicry leads to language development and symbolic understanding.
- Play Stage: Children role-play significant figures to understand themselves, developing self-consciousness through representation.
- Game Stage: Children begin to understand social rules while taking perspectives of multiple others but lack a fully realized self.
- Generalized Other Stage: Individuals assimilate community perspectives into a unified self-concept, completing self-development.

Erving Goffman: The Presentation of the Self

Goffman emphasized that self-identity is a presentation of self in interactions, where impression management is crucial.
Encounters are viewed as dramas where individuals strive to control how others perceive them.
Each role offers a "virtual self," whereby individuals shape their identities according to social expectations.
The concept suggests that multiple selves exist, tailored to different social situations, informed by inherent tendencies and social roles.

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Explore the transformation of the self within modern industrialized societies through the lens of sociology. This quiz delves into how sociological principles explain the interactions and changes in human social life. Understand the significance of these transformations in shaping societal norms and values.

Sociological Perspective on Modern Society

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Questions and Answers

In the preparatory stage, infants use ______ gestures that may not mean the same to the sender and hearer.

The development of ______ allows children to respond to each other through symbols, gestures, words, and sounds.

During the play stage, children take the role of significant ______ with whom they have long-term relations.

In the play stage, a child may play at being ______, seeing herself from the point of view of that role.

The self is described as a ______ that provides a viewpoint for considering behavior and meaning.

Babies eventually discover that if they mimic their ______, they will get their needs met sooner.

A self-identity is not an objective description of what a person is "like" and not what others would expect to be, but rather is influenced by the ongoing story about the ______.

Pride and self-esteem are based on confidence in the integrity and value of the narrative of ______.

Emotions such as anger, happiness, and confusion are conveyed through ______ in the self-development process.

The child begins to understand self as a set of organized ______ and becomes a social object to herself.

Lifestyle choices influence one's self-identity and may be affected by tradition and a sense of relative ______.

According to Charles Horton Cooley, a person's perception of himself is reflected back in the ______ of others.

Cooley's looking-glass self suggests that man's idea of himself comes from his imagination on how he appears to ______.

A child's self-perception may become confused when positive feedback from parents contrasts with a teacher's less than ______ reactions.

The looking-glass imagery does not imply that a person is a passive receiver; rather, they actively ______ the reactions of others.

Cooley argues that a person's sense of self is more like a process than a ______ object.

Sociology is the scientific study of human social life, groups, and societies with emphasis on modern __________ systems.

In pre-modern societies, life was primarily centered on __________.

With modernization, people's choices and freedom about what to do with their lives have __________.

Every decision, no matter how small, affects the development of the __________.

The process of finding oneself is enforced upon all individuals as a process of continuous __________.

Self-identification becomes a __________ project of each individual in modernity.

Individuals create and reform their identities through __________.

According to George Herbert Mead, the self is developed over time from social _______.

From a classical sociological perspective, the self is a relatively stable set of __________ of who we are.

The aspect of the self known as the 'ME' represents learned behaviors and expectations of _______.

The 'I' is considered the _______ and future phase of the self, representing individual impulses.

Mead claims that the self is not formed from _______ but emerges from social interactions.

Role-taking is the key _______ through which people develop a self.

The relationship between the 'I' and 'ME' is akin to a system of _______ and balances.

The 'ME' exercises societal _______ over one's self, maintaining adherence to social norms.

Mead's perspective on the self emphasizes that it is _______ and continuously changing.

Play develops self by allowing the child to take on different roles and express expectations of ______.

During role playing, the child is able to internalize the perspective of ______.

The next stage in the development of self is the ______ stage.

Children can role-take with several people and are very concerned with social ______.

The ______ other refers to sets of attitudes that an individual may take toward him- or herself.

The self is now complete at the stage of the generalized ______.

For Erving Goffman, self-identity is actually a self-______, which is an impression presented to others.

Goffman mentions a virtual self or possible self that awaits us in every role that society ______ of us.

Study Notes

Sociological Perspective on the Self

Charles Horton Cooley: The Looking Glass Self

George Herbert Mead: The Self, "Me" and "I"

Creating a Self

Erving Goffman: The Presentation of the Self

Studying That Suits You

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