39 Questions
What law or act banned racial discrimination in the sale and rental of housing?
The Fair Housing Act
Which act outlawed the practice of redlining, which discriminated against black neighborhoods in mortgage lending?
The Community Reinvestment Act
According to Massey and Denton's analysis, what was the trend in residential segregation between 1970 and 1980?
There was little movement toward integration
What limitation did Massey and Denton's study on segregation trends have?
It only studied the 50 largest metropolitan areas
What factors transformed metropolitan America in subsequent decades, creating a different urban context?
Mass immigration and rising inequality
What has been shown in studies from New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Maryland regarding requiring affordable set-asides in market-rate developments?
They decrease racial segregation across metropolitan areas.
What was the main concern of many community residents in the New Jersey suburb when a residential complex of affordable housing units opened?
It would lead to a decrease in property values.
What impact did the systematic analysis find on the host community and adjacent neighborhoods from the opening of the affordable housing complex in the New Jersey suburb?
No detrimental effects but great benefits for low-income residents.
What percentage reduction in exposure to neighborhood disorder and violence did residents of the affordable housing complex in New Jersey experience compared to a comparable comparison group?
81%
What is the primary benefit of constructing affordable housing within affluent neighborhoods?
Reduction in racial segregation
What was the primary goal of civil rights activists in passing the Fair Housing Act in 1968?
To achieve the residential desegregation of American society
What was the degree of black residential segregation in the United States prior to the Fair Housing Act?
Higher than any group had ever experienced before or since
What was the primary motivation for the passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968?
To respond to the civil rights movement and the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
What was the key provision of the Fair Housing Act?
It banned racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing
What is the main focus of the book 'Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960: Presidential and Judicial Politics' by Charles M. Lamb?
The impact of presidential and judicial decisions on housing segregation in suburban America since 1960
What was the main impact of the 1965 Immigration Act?
It led to increased family reunification among immigrants
What did the study by Jens Ludwig et al. (2013) find regarding the long-term effects of neighborhood on low-income families?
Low-income families experienced significant economic and social benefits from moving to better neighborhoods
According to Douglas S. Massey's 2011 article, what is the 'past and future of American civil rights'?
The past has been marked by progress in civil rights, but the future remains uncertain
What is the main argument made in Robert Mason's book 'Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority'?
Richard Nixon's political strategies aimed to build a new Republican majority coalition
What was the primary factor contributing to Hispanic residential segregation, according to the text?
Restrictive zoning in suburbs and anti-immigrant sentiment
How did the level of Asian residential segregation change over time, according to the text?
It remained relatively flat with a moderate dissimilarity index around 40
What happened to the levels of neighborhood isolation experienced by Hispanics and Asians between 1970 and 2010?
They both increased substantially, driven by the growing populations of these groups
What factor is mentioned as contributing to the neighborhood isolation experienced by Hispanics and African Americans, according to the text?
Anti-immigrant and anti-Black sentiment
How did the level of African American neighborhood isolation change between 1970 and 2010, according to the text?
It decreased by around 5% per decade, reflecting declining segregation
According to the passage, which group experienced the highest levels of neighborhood isolation in 2010?
Non-Hispanic Whites
What was the primary factor contributing to Hispanic residential segregation mentioned in the passage?
All of the above
How did the percentage of Asians in the average Asian resident's neighborhood change from 1970 to 2010?
Increased from 9% to 20%
What was the likelihood in 2010 that a White person shared residential space with a Hispanic person?
11%
Based on the information given, which statement is true about trends in residential segregation between 1970 and 2010?
Segregation remained relatively flat for Asians while decreasing for Blacks and increasing for Hispanics
What has research shown about the impact of pairing vouchers with support and counseling in the housing search process?
It promotes desegregation and is successful in mobility programs.
What effect did the construction of affordable housing within affluent neighborhoods have according to research?
It led to a reduction in exposure to neighborhood disorder and violence.
What did the systematic analysis of the affordable housing project in New Jersey suburb find?
No negative effects on the neighborhoods and benefits for low-income residents.
How did affordable housing programs contribute to overcoming disadvantages faced by poor minority families?
By reducing neighborhood isolation and improving economic independence.
What did recent research suggest as a way to desegregate American society by race and class?
Combining fair housing enforcement with wider implementation of affordable housing programs.
According to Schwemm (1989), what did Congress promise in 1968 that the Fair Housing Act cannot keep?
'An end to racial segregation.'
What conclusion did Darrah and DeLuca (2014) draw about voucher-based mobility programs when paired with support and counseling?
They show considerable success in promoting desegregation.
According to research mentioned, what was a significant finding about the impact of affordable set-asides in market-rate developments?
'They promote integration and enhance social welfare.'
"[...]the main explanation for the stalling of progress toward racial equality," according to Sampson (2012) is primarily attributed to what?
'Concentration of neighborhood disadvantage imposed by residential segregation.'
What did Massey (2015) suggest as a solution to desegregating American society by race and class?
Combining fair housing laws enforcement with wider implementation of affordable housing programs.
Study Notes
The Fair Housing Act and Residential Segregation
- The Fair Housing Act of 1968 was a key piece of civil rights legislation, but it only addressed discrimination in the sale and rental of housing, not in mortgage lending.
- The Act did not lead to immediate integration, and it took further legislation to address discrimination in lending: the Equal Credit Opportunity Act in 1974 and the Community Reinvestment Act in 1977.
Trends in Residential Segregation
- Between 1970 and 1980, there was little movement towards integration, partly due to the technical limitations of the time and the delay in outlawing discrimination in lending.
- In subsequent decades, metropolitan America underwent significant changes due to mass immigration and rising inequality, leading to a different urban context.
- By 2000, Hispanics had become the nation's largest minority group, and segregation by socioeconomic status was on the rise.
Racial and Ethnic Segregation
- Black segregation declined steadily across the decades, but at a rate of around 4.5 points per decade, and still remained high in many areas.
- Hispanic segregation displayed no trend towards integration and, in fact, increased slightly, with their segregation from non-Hispanic whites rising from 46 in 1970 to around 50 in 2000 and 2010.
- Asian segregation remained flat, with a moderate dissimilarity index of around 40 throughout the period, and did not experience hypersegregation in any metropolitan area.
Barriers to Integration
- Restrictive density zoning in suburbs, antiblack and anti-Latino sentiment, and low socioeconomic status relative to whites were significant barriers to integration.
- The neighborhood isolation experienced by Hispanics and blacks was strongly predicted by antiblack and anti-Latino sentiment.
Current State of Segregation
- Despite some signs of progress, many metropolitan areas remain segregated, with African Americans remaining hypersegregated in 21 metropolitan areas.
- A third of all metropolitan African Americans continue to live under conditions of hypersegregation, and another 21% live under conditions of high segregation.
- Hispanic segregation and spatial isolation rose in many metropolitan areas, especially in the two largest Latino communities of Los Angeles and New York.
Future of Segregation
- The most reasonable prediction is that black segregation will continue to fall, but will be characterized by a growing divergence between smaller metropolitan areas with less restrictive zoning regimes and smaller, more affluent black populations, and large metropolitan areas with restrictively zoned suburbs and large, poor black communities.### Hispanic Segregation and Immigration Reform
- Hispanic segregation is expected to increase as the Hispanic population grows, and neighborhood isolation will rise.
- Sentiment against undocumented migrants promotes Hispanic segregation, and immigration reform efforts in Congress are uncertain.
Fair Housing Mandate and Proposed Rule
- The Obama administration proposed a new rule, "Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing," to require states and local governments to assess their progress toward four fair housing goals.
- The four goals are: overcoming historic segregation, lowering poverty concentration in minority neighborhoods, reducing racial-ethnic disparities, and responding to special needs housing.
- Local authorities would submit their assessment to HUD, and if accepted, would develop an Annual Action Plan to address identified issues.
Affordable Housing and Desegregation
- Dispersing affordable housing into advantaged residential areas can be achieved through vouchers, affordable set-asides, or fully affordable housing developments.
- Voucher-based mobility programs have shown success in promoting desegregation when paired with counseling and support.
- Requiring affordable set-asides in market-rate developments has also shown promise in promoting integration and enhancing social welfare.
Case Studies and Research
- A study in New Jersey found that affordable housing in an affluent suburb had no detrimental effects on the host community, but greatly benefited low-income residents.
- Residents experienced reduced exposure to neighborhood disorder and violence, increased employment, and increased economic independence.
- Children of residents experienced improved school quality and reduced exposure to disorder and violence at school.
Explore the impact of the Fair Housing Act of 1968 on the residential desegregation of American society. Delve into an assessment by Douglas S. Massey on the fulfillment of this hope and the development of the black ghetto in American cities.
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