Questions and Answers
What does the sociocultural approach of psychology study?
What are the three branches of social cognition?
Stereotypes, social identity theory, and social cognitive theory.
Who developed the Social Identity Theory?
Henri Tajfel
According to the four principles of sociocultural approach, human beings have a basic need to ___
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What was the aim of Tajfel et al's study?
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In Tajfel et al's results, boys were less likely to identify with boys in the same group.
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What does the Grain of Truth Hypothesis suggest?
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The three effects of stereotypes include stereotype threat, spotlight anxiety, and ___
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Confirmation bias makes stereotypical thinking resistant to change.
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What was the conclusion of Rosenthal and Jacobson's study?
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What was the procedure of Rosenthal and Jacobson's experiment?
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Study Notes
Sociocultural Approach to Psychology
- Focuses on social interaction, social influence, and social cognition.
- Examines how individuals think, act, and behave within their social environments.
Social Cognition
- Involves understanding one's social world through perception and interaction.
- Comprised of three branches: stereotypes, social identity theory, and social cognitive theory.
Social Identity Theory (SIT)
- Developed by Henri Tajfel, emphasizes the enhancement of self-image through group affiliation.
- Affiliation with successful groups and personal achievements boosts self-esteem.
- Social categorization process leads to "in-group" vs. "out-group" dynamics.
- Encourages in-group favoritism and out-group discrimination.
- Self-esteem is influenced by social comparison and group belonging.
Four Principles of Sociocultural Approach
- Humans are inherently social, with a fundamental need to belong; interactions bidirectionally affect individuals and groups.
- Cultural norms and values profoundly influence behavior.
- Individuals possess both personal and collective identities.
- Worldviews are often resistant to change.
Tajfel et al. Study
- Aimed to observe the impact of preference on sociability as evidence for social identity theory.
- 64 UK boys, aged 14-15, were randomly assigned to groups based on artistic preferences (Kandinsky vs. Klee).
Tajfel et al. Results
- Boys showed preference for their in-group.
- Awarding behavior favored in-group members, even when out-group was not personally disliked.
Tajfel et al. Conclusion
- Social comparison absent competition can yield positive outcomes, showcasing in-group favoritism.
Stereotypes
- Cognitive process of social categorization, often occurring unconsciously.
- Can overlook individual differences, potentially leading to prejudice and discrimination.
- Prejudice encompasses negative attitudes towards individuals based on group membership; discrimination denotes differential treatment.
Formation of Stereotypes
- Personal experiences and gatekeepers (such as media, parents, and cultural influences) shape stereotypes.
Grain of Truth Hypothesis
- Generalizes an individual's experience with a particular group member to the entire group.
Stereotype Formation Mechanisms
- Illusory correlation, confirmation bias, and social identity theory contribute to embedded stereotypical thinking.
Effects of Stereotypes
- Include stereotype threat, spotlight anxiety, and self-fulfilling prophecy.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
- Schemas and stereotypes can alter self-perception and subsequent behavior.
Rosenthal and Jacobson Study Aims
- Investigated the impact of teacher expectations on student performance, testing the self-fulfilling prophecy.
Rosenthal and Jacobson Procedure
- Conducted as a field experiment; students tested with 20% randomly designated as "gifted."
- Teachers unaware that these students had not actually performed any better.
- Participants spanned kindergarten to 6th grade in 18 West Coast classrooms.
Rosenthal and Jacobson Results
- Students labeled as gifted showed significant improvement in test scores, evidencing self-fulfilling prophecies.
Rosenthal and Jacobson Conclusion
- Teacher expectations strongly influence student performance, confirming the self-fulfilling prophecy effect.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the sociocultural approach to psychology, exploring how social interaction, social influence, and social cognition shape individual thoughts and behaviors. It covers social identity theory, social cognition, and the principles of the sociocultural approach.
