117 Questions
What research method involves researchers taking part in the social group being studied and systematically observing what occurs?
Participant Observation
Which principle is NOT part of the three ethical principles that inform the development of formal research standards?
Privacy
What does culture vary between?
Societies
What human ability is NOT mentioned as contributing to the creation of culture?
Imagination
What is the main goal of Qualitative Methods: Participant Observation?
To experience and understand a specific community
What is one of the common errors associated with casual observation?
Selective Observation
Which approach do sociologists use to systematically study human behavior in social context?
Positivism
What is the first step in the Scientific Method for Quantitative Research?
Identify a theoretical idea of interest
What is the key question a researcher focusing on housing market and eviction might ask?
Do corporate landlords file more evictions than 'mom-and-pop' landlords?
Which error is NOT associated with casual observation?
Positivism
What term defines the capacity to create a complex social life by establishing generally accepted ways of doing things and ideas about what is right and wrong?
Cooperation
Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 sub-types of norms mentioned in the text?
Taboos
What allows humans to create concepts like 'day,' 'week,' and 'year' to describe time?
Abstraction
Which term is defined as cultural statements that define what community members consider real?
Beliefs
What concept specifically equates to seven consecutive 24-hour periods according to the text?
'Week'
What is the primary goal of conducting a survey in sociology?
To learn about the whole group of interest
Why are experimental methods rarely used in sociology?
They are not suitable for studying complex social phenomena
In a quantitative survey, what is the importance of ensuring that the sample is an identical representation of the population?
To increase the generalizability of the findings
What is the role of randomization in experiments?
To assign individuals to groups by chance processes
Why might a researcher use an experimental method in sociology despite its limitations?
To precisely measure hypothesized causes and effects
Which perspective on culture emphasizes that elements of culture contribute to social order by building social bonds and guiding people to support collective goals?
Functionalist Perspective
What historical period is characterized by an eclectic mix of cultural elements, the decline of consensus around core values, and the erosion of authority?
Post-Modernity
Which process is described as the application of the most efficient means to achieve given goals, along with the unintended negative consequences that result?
Rationalization
Who theorized that the self emerges through several stages of role-taking in social interaction with significant others?
George Herbert Mead
What is the belief, taste, norms, and values that people draw on in their everyday lives called?
Cultural Capital
What is the primary focus of socialization, as described in the text?
Maximizing individual needs and interests
In the context of socialization agents, which one has declined in its role over time?
Families
What is the significance of peer groups to secondary socialization according to the text?
Growing in importance over time
What is the main function of schools in socialization, beyond academic subjects?
Teach cultural norms and obedience to authority
What is the creative process by which individuals generate role expectations and performances called?
Role-making
In the dramaturgical model of social interaction, the expression we give refers to:
Consciously intended verbal communication
What is the main characteristic of performances on the back stage?
Being relaxed and sincere
Which type of network is defined as a bounded set of individuals linked by the exchange of material or emotional resources?
Social network
What does the term 'nodes' refer to in social networks?
Individuals, groups, or organizations connected in a network
What is the simplest form of social network according to the text?
Dyad
What is a key characteristic of bureaucracies according to Max Weber?
Written goals, rules, and procedures
"Dehumanization" in bureaucracies refers to:
Treating personnel as cogs in a machine
What is a common critique of bureaucracies known as "bureaucratic inertia"?
Continuing policies despite changing needs
What term describes people who belong to a social group?
In-group members
What is the primary focus of social interaction according to the text?
To reinforce norms associated with roles and statuses
What is one of the errors associated with casual observation as mentioned in the text?
Selective Observation
Which sociological approach involves translating abstract ideas into testable hypotheses?
Positivism
What is the key step in the Scientific Method for Quantitative Research according to the text?
Identifying a theoretical idea of interest
What is the primary source of knowledge mentioned in the text that humans rely on?
Tradition
In sociological research, what does illogical reasoning stem from according to the text?
A false premise
In the context of the text, what is the primary purpose of conducting a survey in sociology?
To test how independent variables affect dependent variables
Which ethical principle guides researchers in ensuring that their sample is a true representation of the population in survey research?
Justice
What is the main goal when researchers use randomization in experiments?
To assign individuals to groups by chance processes
Which human ability contributes significantly to the generation of culture by creating concepts like 'year' and 'week'?
Numerical reasoning
What role does an independent variable play in a cause-and-effect relationship within an experiment?
Presumed cause
What is the purpose of ethnography in qualitative research?
To experience and understand what it is like to be a member of a specific community
What is the key concept related to preventing harm in research ethics?
Harm minimization
What is the term for the feeling of disorientation when encountering an unfamiliar culture or way of life?
Culture shock
Which human abilities contribute to the creation of culture according to the text?
Abstraction and cooperation
What is required for informed consent in research ethics?
Acknowledgment of risks and voluntary participation
What was the main outcome of Canada's Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-1969 (Bill C-150)?
Decriminalization of sex between men over 21 in private spaces
What does the term 'Rights Revolution' refer to based on the text?
A struggle by socially excluded groups to win equal rights under the law
Which theoretical perspective on culture emphasizes the ongoing struggle between different social groups?
Conflict Perspective
What does the concept of 'looking-glass self' primarily focus on according to Charles Horton Cooley?
How people develop their sense of self based on others' perceptions of them
What is the main characteristic of postmodernism as described in the text?
Decline of authority and consensus around core values
What does the concept of 'abstraction' primarily involve?
Creating general concepts from sensory experience
In the context of culture creation, what do 'mores' specifically refer to?
Social requirements
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 'values' in the context of culture creation?
Good and bad preferences
What key role does 'cooperation' play in culture creation?
Creating generally accepted ways of doing things and ideas about right and wrong
How does 'abstraction' contribute to the understanding and organization of time?
By creating concepts like 'day,' 'week,' and 'year'
In the process of socialization, what is the main factor shaping an individual's conduct?
Response from the social environment
What is the primary role of peer groups in socialization according to the text?
To contribute significantly to secondary socialization
Which agent of socialization is described as having had a declining role over time in primary socialization?
Families
What does the term 'ascribed' status refer to?
A social position imposed at birth, difficult to change
What is the significance of the 'hidden curriculum' in schools according to the text?
It reinforces cultural norms of obedience and conformity
In the dramaturgical model of social interaction, what does the 'front stage' typically adhere to?
Status and role expectations
What characterizes the performance on the back stage in the dramaturgical model of social interaction?
Feeling comfortable and relaxed
Which term describes people excluded from an in-group in social groups?
Out-group members
What concept is created by individuals to reinforce or challenge norms associated with different roles and statuses according to the text?
Sense of self
What is the primary focus of social groups, as discussed in the text?
Identifying with one another
What is the main characteristic of bureaucracies that might lead to dehumanization, according to the text?
Impersonality and hierarchy
Which sociologist initially identified three types of authority within organizations?
Max Weber
What is the most common and influential type of formal organization discussed in the text?
Bureaucracies
What term refers to secondary groups designed to achieve explicit objectives?
Bureaucracies
What does 'nodes' refer to within social networks according to the text?
The unit of analysis linked by connections
Which error in casual observation involves focusing on exceptions and treating them as the rule?
Overgeneralization
What is the primary difference between Positivism and Interpretivism in sociological research?
Positivism assumes an objective reality, while Interpretivism recognizes multiple realities.
When conducting scientific research, what is the purpose of translating an abstract idea into a testable hypothesis?
To provide a clear direction for data collection and analysis
What critical role does the scientific method play in quantitative research?
Guides researchers in collecting and analyzing data systematically
What is a key consideration for ensuring the validity of findings in qualitative methods like participant observation?
Ensuring the sample represents the specific community being studied
Which of the following is a fundamental principle of formal standards for ethical research as described in the text?
Respect for persons and beneficence
What do symbols represent in the context of culture creation according to the text?
Solutions to real-life problems developed by researchers
Which ability contributes to the creation of culture by allowing individuals to create abstract concepts like time divisions (e.g., weeks, years)?
Abstraction
What may lead to 'culture shock' as described in the text?
Encountering an unfamiliar culture or way of life
What ability allows humans to create general concepts that meaningfully organize sensory experience?
Abstraction
Which type of norm specifies social requirements?
Mores
What is the primary function of cooperation in culture creation?
Creating social life
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of values as described in the text?
Culturally specific beauty standards
What element of culture represents the most pervasive symbols in human societies according to the text?
Abstraction
What is the primary difference between non-material culture and material culture as discussed in the text?
Non-material culture includes symbols and norms, while material culture includes technology and techniques.
How does the Functionalist perspective view the elements of culture in relation to social order?
Elements of culture contribute to social order by building social bonds and guiding people to support collective goals.
According to the Conflict Perspective, what characterizes culture?
Culture involves a struggle between groups with more powerful groups holding dominance.
What significant change occurred in Canada after the decriminalization of sex between men over 21 in private spaces?
LGBTQ+ Canadians began a rights revolution.
What is the purpose of Experimental Methods in sociology?
To isolate hypothesized causes and measure their effects precisely
How does Symbolic Interactionism view the relationship between people and culture?
People shape and interpret culture, choosing how it influences them.
Why do experimenters use randomization in experiments?
To ensure the two groups are identical representations of the population
Which quantitative method involves researchers asking people questions about their knowledge, attitudes, or behavior?
Quantitative Survey
What is the primary goal of conducting a survey in sociology?
To test how independent variables affect dependent variables
What is the main characteristic of Quantitative Surveys to ensure valid findings?
Ensuring the sample is an identical representation of the population
What is the primary difference between primary socialization and secondary socialization?
Primary socialization happens only within the family, while secondary socialization occurs outside the family.
Which of the following best describes the role of peer groups in an individual's socialization process?
Peer groups contribute significantly to secondary socialization from middle childhood through adolescence.
Which agent of socialization has seen an increased importance over time, particularly with the rise of the Internet?
Mass Media
What characterizes individuals who engage in role-making as opposed to role-playing?
They generate role expectations and performances creatively.
In the context of social interaction, what is the significance of presenting one's 'sense of self' to others?
It helps individuals establish their own position in the social hierarchy.
What sociologist first identified three types of authority within organizations?
Max Weber
What is the simplest form of social network described in the text?
Dyad
In social groups, what is the term for individuals who belong to the group?
In-group members
What type of groups are separated by boundaries to create in-group and out-group members?
Primary groups
What concept refers to the process of managing one's communication to create a particular image in the dramaturgical model of social interaction?
Impression management
Which type of authority involves power that is derived from tradition and custom?
Traditional authority
What term describes individuals who are excluded from an in-group within social groups?
'Out-group members'
'Dehumanization' in bureaucracies refers to what specific aspect?
'Treating clients as standard cases'
Test your understanding of the socialization process and how individuals interact with their social environment. Explore the steps involved in socialization and how the social environment responds to individuals' actions.
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