Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Muslim reformers who advocated for modern education and social change within the Russian Empire.

The amount of goods that wages can actually buy, taking into account inflation.

The First World War was a global conflict that began in 1914 involving two major alliances: the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) and the Allied Powers (France, Britain, and Russia, later joined by Italy and Romania).

The eastern front during World War I was characterized by large-scale battles and frequent movement of armies, resulting in significant casualties.

The western front during World War I was dominated by static trench warfare in eastern France, characterized by prolonged stalemates and high casualties.

The destruction of crops and buildings by retreating Russian armies during World War I, which aimed to deny resources to the enemy and led to widespread displacement of people.

The process of making something more efficient or streamlined, often by eliminating waste or redundancy.

The overthrow of the Tsarist government in Russia in February 1917, leading to the establishment of a Provisional Government.

A group of people chosen to represent the interests of a region or country.

The act of giving up authority or power, often during times of political upheaval.

A temporary governing body established during a period of transition, often after a revolution.

A democratic form of government where citizens elect their representatives.

A system of voting where all adults, regardless of their social status, are allowed to vote.

The individuals who were among the working class in Russia.

A period of industrial unrest during which workers refuse to work.

A system of government based on political ideals of individual liberty and limited government involvement in the economy.

The restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed in Russia, allowing for greater freedom of expression and organization.

Similar to the Petrograd Soviet, local councils called Soviets were established across Russia. These were grassroots organizations that aimed to represent the interests of the working class.

Vladimir Lenin, a prominent Bolshevik leader, returned to Russia after years of exile.

The Bolsheviks, under Lenin's leadership, strongly opposed Russia's participation in World War I.

Lenin's 'April Theses' outlined his demands for Russia: ending the war, transferring land to the peasants, and nationalizing banks.

Lenin proposed that the Bolshevik Party should change its name to the Communist Party, signifying a shift towards more radical socialist goals.

Many Bolsheviks were initially taken aback by Lenin's April Theses, believing that a socialist revolution was premature.

Over the summer of 1917, worker and soldier movements gained momentum, fueled by discontent and a desire for change.

Factory committees, trade unions, and soldiers' committees emerged, challenging existing power structures and demanding greater control.

Representatives from numerous Soviets attended an All Russian Congress of Soviets, showcasing the growing influence and coordination of these local councils.

The Provisional Government's attempt to regain control after the February Revolution, marked by suppressing workers' control of factories and Bolshevik demonstrations.

Groups of peasants who formed to redistribute land after the February Revolution, reflecting a desire for social and economic change.

Lenin's belief that the Provisional Government would establish a dictatorship, prompting him to plan an uprising.

The Bolsheviks' organized seizure of power in Petrograd on October 25 (November 7), 1917, marking a successful armed revolution.

The event when the Bolsheviks took over the government of Russia. This occurred on October 25, 1917 (November 7 by the Gregorian calendar).

A disagreement between the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks, fueled by the Bolsheviks' growing influence and the government's attempts to maintain control.

The period in 1917 when the Bolsheviks held large demonstrations and protests in July. These were met with harsh repression by the government.

Lenin's strategy of uniting Bolshevik supporters in the army, soviets (workers' councils), and factories to build support and prepare for an uprising.

The Bolsheviks, or Russian Communist Party, rose to power after the October Revolution and took control of Russia. They aimed to establish a socialist society by replacing private ownership with government control of industry, land, and banking.

The difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars, which affected the date of the October Revolution.

The Bolsheviks enacted a series of significant changes following the October Revolution. They nationalized industries and banks, declared land social property, divided large houses, and abolished aristocratic titles. New uniforms, including the distinctive Soviet hat, were introduced to symbolize the new order.

The process of coordinating Bolshevik members in different sectors like the army, soviets, and factories to coordinate and carry out the socialist revolution.

The Bolsheviks became the only party allowed to participate in elections after they dismissed the Constituent Assembly, which had rejected their policies. This created a one-party state, with the All-Russian Congress of Soviets acting as the parliament.

The Bolsheviks made peace with Germany at Brest-Litovsk in 1918, despite opposition from their allies. This controversial decision ended Russia's involvement in World War I but ceded significant territory to Germany.

The Bolsheviks faced a civil war from 1918 to 1920, primarily against forces opposed to their communist ideology. While there was intense fighting, especially around Moscow, the Bolsheviks eventually prevailed and consolidated their control.